<i>Clostridium difficile</i>in Ready-to-Eat Salads, Scotland

Bakri, Marwah M.; Brown, D. J. F.; Butcher, John; Sutherland, A.D.

doi:10.3201/eid1505.081186

Cited by 112 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 11 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Among the behavioral factors occurring in the community that may put females at risk of CDI are higher rates of antimicrobial prescriptions (27,28), vegetable consumption (29), and contact with children (30). While there is no conclusive evidence that contaminated food leads to CDI in humans, studies have found that retail vegetables are contaminated with C. difficile strains similar to those affecting humans (31,32). Likewise, the C. difficile ribotypes frequently isolated in the current study, such as 014/020 and 056, are common ribotypes found in piglets and veal calves, respectively, in Australia (33,34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Clostridium difficile Ribotypes Circulating in Australian Hospitals and Communities

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is becoming less exclusively a health care-associated CDI (HA-CDI). The incidence of community-associated CDI (CA-CDI) has increased over the past few decades. It has been postulated that asymptomatic toxigenic C. difficile (TCD)-colonized patients may play a role in the transfer of C. difficile between the hospital setting and the community. Thus, to investigate the relatedness of C. difficile across the hospital and community settings, we compared the characteristics of symptomatic and asymptomatic host patients and the pathogens from these patients in these two settings over a 3-year period. Two studies were simultaneously conducted; the first study enrolled symptomatic CDI patients from two tertiary care hospitals and the community in two Australian states, while the second study enrolled asymptomatic TCD-colonized patients from the same tertiary care hospitals. A total of 324 patients (96 with HA-CDI, 152 with CA-CDI, and 76 colonized with TCD) were enrolled. The predominant C. difficile ribotypes isolated in the hospital setting corresponded with those isolated in the community, as it was found that for 79% of the C. difficile isolates from hospitals, an isolate with a matching ribotype was isolated in the community, suggesting that transmission between these two settings is occurring. The toxigenic C. difficile strains causing symptomatic infection were similar to those causing asymptomatic infection, and patients exposed to antimicrobials prior to admission were more likely to develop a symptomatic infection (odds ratio, 2.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.20 to 7.14). Our findings suggest that the development of CDI symptoms in a setting without establishment of hospital epidemics with binary toxin-producing C. difficile strains may be driven mainly by host susceptibility and exposure to antimicrobials, rather than by C. difficile strain characteristics.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Clostridium difficile Ribotypes Circulating in Australian Hospitals and Communities

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Many of these strains were of ribotypes associated with C. difficile infection in humans and food animals (RODRIGUEZ-PALACIOS et al, 2007;BAKRI et al, 2009;SONGER et al, 2009). It is also important to note that the two most common toxigenic ribotypes in pigs, which account for 90% and 80% of isolates, respectively, are also recognized as causes of C. difficile disease in humans (ARROYO et al, 2007).…”

Section: ----------------Elisa (%)----------------Pigletsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of enterotoxin A and cytotoxin B, and isolation of Clostridium difficile in piglets in Minas Gerais, Brazil

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As such, preharvest interventions to control food-borne pathogens on the farm are predicted to decrease the frequency of carcass contamination, therefore enhancing food safety (33). Clostridium difficile spores of epidemic genotypes have been isolated from retail meats (36,38,44) and vegetables (2,4,29) and from neonatal and young cattle and pigs (32,39,42). However, the patterns of fecal C. difficile shedding among cattle during the finishing period, including the prevalence at the time of harvest, and the frequency of bovine carcass contamination have not been reported.…”

Section: /Cdtbmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transient Fecal Shedding and Limited Animal-to-Animal Transmission of Clostridium difficile by Naturally Infected Finishing Feedlot Cattle

Rodriguez-Palacios

Pickworth

Loerch

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

To longitudinally assess fecal shedding and animal-to-animal transmission of Clostridium difficile among finishing feedlot cattle as a risk for beef carcass contamination, we tested 186 ؎ 12 steers (mean ؎ standard deviation; 1,369 samples) in an experimental feedlot facility during the finishing period and at harvest. Clostridium difficile was isolated from 12.9% of steers on arrival (24/186; 0 to 33% among five suppliers). Shedding decreased to undetectable levels a week later (0%; P < 0.001), and remained low (<3.6%) until immediately prior to shipment for harvest (1.2%). Antimicrobial use did not increase fecal shedding, despite treatment of 53% of animals for signs of respiratory disease. Animals shedding C. difficile on arrival, however, had 4.6 times higher odds of receiving antimicrobials for respiratory signs than nonshedders (95% confidence interval for the odds ratio, 1.4 to 14.8; P ‫؍‬ 0.01). Neither the toxin genes nor toxin A or B was detected in most (39/42) isolates based on two complementary multiplex PCRs and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay testing, respectively. Two linezolid-and clindamycin-resistant PCR ribotype 078 (tcdA ؉ /tcdB ؉ /cdtB ؉ /39-bp-type deletion in tcdC) isolates were identified from two steers (at arrival and week 20), but these ribotypes did not become endemic. The other toxigenic isolate (tcdA ؉ /tcdB ؉ /cdtB ؉ /classic tcdC; PCR ribotype 078-like) was identified in the cecum of one steer at harvest. Spatio-temporal analysis indicated transient shedding with no evidence of animal-to-animal transmission. The association between C. difficile shedding upon arrival and the subsequent need for antimicrobials for respiratory disease might indicate common predisposing factors. The isolation of toxigenic C. difficile from bovine intestines at harvest highlights the potential for food contamination in meat processing plants.

show abstract

Clostridium difficilein Ready-to-Eat Salads, Scotland

Cited by 112 publications

References 11 publications

Comparison of Clostridium difficile Ribotypes Circulating in Australian Hospitals and Communities

Comparison of Clostridium difficile Ribotypes Circulating in Australian Hospitals and Communities

Detection of enterotoxin A and cytotoxin B, and isolation of Clostridium difficile in piglets in Minas Gerais, Brazil

Transient Fecal Shedding and Limited Animal-to-Animal Transmission of Clostridium difficile by Naturally Infected Finishing Feedlot Cattle

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About