<i>Clostridium botulinum</i>and<i>Clostridium tetani</i>

Johnson, Eric A.

doi:10.1002/9780470688618.taw0043

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 446 publications

(654 reference statements)

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“…Serotypes and even subtypes within one serotype may vary in their duration of action [ 35 , 260 ], reflecting differences in intracellular half-life of the LC [ 261 , 262 , 263 , 264 ]. In humans, durations rank in parallel with those noted in vitro and in mice [ 263 , 264 ]: e.g., local intramuscularly delivered BoNT serotypes A, B, C, E and F cause local paralysis lasting about 3–6, 3, 2–4, 1–3, and 1–2 months, respectively [ 261 , 262 , 264 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 268 , 269 ].…”

Section: Diversity Of Botulinum Neurotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Status and Future Directions of Botulinum Neurotoxins for Targeting Pain Processing

Pellett

Yaksh

Ramachandran

2015

Toxins

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Current evidence suggests that botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) A1 and B1, given locally into peripheral tissues such as skin, muscles, and joints, alter nociceptive processing otherwise initiated by inflammation or nerve injury in animal models and humans. Recent data indicate that such locally delivered BoNTs exert not only local action on sensory afferent terminals but undergo transport to central afferent cell bodies (dorsal root ganglia) and spinal dorsal horn terminals, where they cleave SNAREs and block transmitter release. Increasing evidence supports the possibility of a trans-synaptic movement to alter postsynaptic function in neuronal and possibly non-neuronal (glial) cells. The vast majority of these studies have been conducted on BoNT/A1 and BoNT/B1, the only two pharmaceutically developed variants. However, now over 40 different subtypes of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) have been identified. By combining our existing and rapidly growing understanding of BoNT/A1 and /B1 in altering nociceptive processing with explorations of the specific characteristics of the various toxins from this family, we may be able to discover or design novel, effective, and long-lasting pain therapeutics. This review will focus on our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms whereby BoNTs alter pain processing, and future directions in the development of these agents as pain therapeutics.

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Section: Diversity Of Botulinum Neurotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Status and Future Directions of Botulinum Neurotoxins for Targeting Pain Processing

Pellett

Yaksh

Ramachandran

2015

Toxins

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“…Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), the most potent protein toxins known, cause botulism and are produced by a heterogenous group of neurotoxigenic bacteria including Clostridium botulinum , and select strains of Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii [1,2]. Based on their antigenic specificity, BoNTs are classified into seven serotypes (A–G) [2], with BoNT/A, B, E, and F accounting for most recorded cases of human botulism [1]. BoNTs are important disease causing agents [1,3], potential bioterrorism agents [4], and pharmaceuticals for treating neuromuscular disorders and cosmetic use [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on their antigenic specificity, BoNTs are classified into seven serotypes (A–G) [2], with BoNT/A, B, E, and F accounting for most recorded cases of human botulism [1]. BoNTs are important disease causing agents [1,3], potential bioterrorism agents [4], and pharmaceuticals for treating neuromuscular disorders and cosmetic use [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Botulinum neurotoxin subtype A2 enters neuronal cells faster than subtype A1

et al. 2010

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Edited by Maurice Montal Keywords:Botulinum neurotoxin BoNT/A1 BoNT/A2 Cell based assay Cell entry Neuron a b s t r a c t Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), the causative agent of human botulism, are the most potent naturally occurring toxins known. BoNT/A1, the most studied BoNT, is also used as an important biopharmaceutical. In this study, the biological activity of BoNT/A1 is compared to that of BoNT/A2 using neuronal cell models. The data obtained indicate faster and increased intoxication of neuronal cells by BoNT/A2 than BoNT/A1, and that the mechanism underlying this increased toxicity is faster and more efficient cell entry that is independent of ganglioside binding. These results have important implications for the development of new BoNT based therapeutics and BoNT countermeasures.Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies.

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“…BoNTs are primarily produced by bacteria of the genus Clostridium botulinum [1,2]. While botulism cases are rare in the USA [3], the extraordinary potency and biological properties of BoNTs have lead to marked significance of BoNTs as both a potential bioterrorism weapon [4] as well as an extremely useful pharmaceutical in treatment of neuromuscular disorders and cosmetics [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitive and quantitative detection of botulinum neurotoxin in neurons derived from mouse embryonic stem cells

Pellett

Pier

et al. 2011

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications

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Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), the most poisonous protein toxins known, represent a serious bioterrorism threat but are also used as a unique and important bio-pharmaceutical to treat an increasing myriad of neurological disorders. The only currently accepted detection method by the United States Food and Drug Administration for biological activity of BoNTs and for potency determination of pharmaceutical preparations is the mouse bioassay (MBA). Recent advances have indicated that cell-based assays using primary neuronal cells can provide an equally sensitive and robust detection platform as the MBA to reliably and quantitatively detect biologically active BoNTs. This study reports for the first time a BoNT detection assay using mouse embryonic stem cells to produce a neuronal cell culture. The data presented indicate that this assaycan reliably detect BoNT/A with a similar sensitivity as the MBA.

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Clostridium botulinumandClostridium tetani

Cited by 8 publications

References 446 publications

Current Status and Future Directions of Botulinum Neurotoxins for Targeting Pain Processing

Current Status and Future Directions of Botulinum Neurotoxins for Targeting Pain Processing

Botulinum neurotoxin subtype A2 enters neuronal cells faster than subtype A1

Sensitive and quantitative detection of botulinum neurotoxin in neurons derived from mouse embryonic stem cells

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