<i>Clostridium botulinum</i>

This study used a meta-analysis to systematically assess the effect of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) addition on the number of bacteria, immune responses, and antioxidant activity of broilers. The database was compiled from 29 post evaluation articles that were found in search engines consisted of 36 experiments and 111 data. The mixed model method was used to assess the effect of AMP, with AMP addition level as a fixed effect and experiment as a random effect. The fixed effect was tested for linear and quadratic models. The quadratic model was retained when significant at p<0.05 but turned into its corresponding linear model when insignificant. In the starter phase, AMP addition decreased the number of bacteria in the ileum (coliform and total aerobic bacteria (TAB); (p<0.05), the caecum (Clostridium spp., Escherichia coli, coliform, and lactic acid bacteria (LAB); p<0.05), and excreta (Clostridium spp.; p<0.1). Similarly, the number of bacteria also declined in the ileum (Escherichia coli, p<0.05; TAB, p<0.1), the caecum (LAB; p<0.1), and excreta (Clostridium spp.; p<0.05) of broilers in the finisher phase. There were significant improvements in immune response and antioxidant activity in starter broiler, as indicated by the titer of Newcastle disease (ND) antibody, bursal index, spleen index, and thymus index (p<0.05) due to AMP addition. Variables of immunoglobulin M (IgM), cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4), ND antibody titer, bursal index, spleen index, and thymus index were also significantly increased (p<0.05) while superoxide dismutase activity (SOD activity) tended to increase (p<0.1) in finisher broiler following the AMP addition. In short, AMP addition is able to suppress the number of pathogenic bacteria and increase the immune response and antioxidant activity of broilers.

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“…Clostridium spp. is a gram-positive bacterium that causes botulism (Chalk et al, 2019;Johnson, 2019). The percentage of Clostridium spp.…”

Section: Effect Of Amp Addition On Bacteria Population In the Small Intestine Of Broilermentioning

confidence: 99%

A Meta-analysis of Antimicrobial Peptide Effects on Intestinal Bacteria, Immune Response, and Antioxidant Activity of Broilers

Sholikin

Wahyudi

Jayanegara

et al. 2021

Trop. Anim. Sci. J.

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“…Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, endospore-forming bacillus responsible for botulism, a severe neuroparalytic disease that affects humans and vertebrate animals [ 1–3 ]. The causative agent is botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), renowned as the most potent biological substance known to humankind [ 4 , 5 ]. A metalloprotease, BoNT specifically cleaves the Soluble N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Factor Attachment Protein Receptor (SNARE) proteins in postsynaptic nerve terminals, preventing the release of neurotransmitter and blocking neural transmission to effector muscles [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introduction – the Organismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium botulinum

Rawson,

Dempster,

Humphreys

et al. 2023

Virulence

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Clostridium botulinum , a polyphyletic Gram-positive taxon of bacteria, is classified purely by their ability to produce botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). BoNT is the primary virulence factor and the causative agent of botulism. A potentially fatal disease, botulism is classically characterized by a symmetrical descending flaccid paralysis, which is left untreated can lead to respiratory failure and death. Botulism cases are classified into three main forms dependent on the nature of intoxication; foodborne, wound and infant. The BoNT, regarded as the most potent biological substance known, is a zinc metalloprotease that specifically cleaves SNARE proteins at neuromuscular junctions, preventing exocytosis of neurotransmitters, leading to muscle paralysis. The BoNT is now used to treat numerous medical conditions caused by overactive or spastic muscles and is extensively used in the cosmetic industry due to its high specificity and the exceedingly small doses needed to exert long-lasting pharmacological effects. Additionally, the ability to form endospores is critical to the pathogenicity of the bacteria. Disease transmission is often facilitated via the metabolically dormant spores that are highly resistant to environment stresses, allowing persistence in the environment in unfavourable conditions. Infant and wound botulism infections are initiated upon germination of the spores into neurotoxin producing vegetative cells, whereas foodborne botulism is attributed to ingestion of preformed BoNT. C. botulinum is a saprophytic bacterium, thought to have evolved its potent neurotoxin to establish a source of nutrients by killing its host.

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“…Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are the causative agents of botulism disease, which can be lethal mainly due to respiratory failure (Johnson, 2019). Their extreme toxicities and ease of production led to the classification of BoNTs as Category A bioterror agents, and BoNTs have been attempted for use as biological weapons in the past (Arnon et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening of a Focused Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway Inhibitor Library Identifies Small Molecules as Novel Modulators of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Toxicity

et al. 2021

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Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are known as the most potent bacterial toxins, which can cause potentially deadly disease botulism. BoNT Serotype A (BoNT/A) is the most studied serotype as it is responsible for most human botulism cases, and its formulations are extensively utilized in clinics for therapeutic and cosmetic applications. BoNT/A has the longest-lasting effect in neurons compared to other serotypes, and there has been high interest in understanding how BoNT/A manages to escape protein degradation machinery in neurons for months. Recent work demonstrated that an E3 ligase, HECTD2, leads to efficient ubiquitination of the BoNT/A Light Chain (A/LC); however, the dominant activity of a deubiquitinase (DUB), VCIP135, inhibits the degradation of the enzymatic component. Another DUB, USP9X, was also identified as a potential indirect contributor to A/LC degradation. In this study, we screened a focused ubiquitin-proteasome pathway inhibitor library, including VCIP135 and USP9X inhibitors, and identified ten potential lead compounds affecting BoNT/A mediated SNAP-25 cleavage in neurons in pre-intoxication conditions. We then tested the dose-dependent effects of the compounds and their potential toxic effects in cells. A subset of the lead compounds demonstrated efficacy on the stability and ubiquitination of A/LC in cells. Three of the compounds, WP1130 (degrasyn), PR-619, and Celastrol, further demonstrated efficacy against BoNT/A holotoxin in an in vitro post-intoxication model. Excitingly, PR-619 and WP1130 are known inhibitors of VCIP135 and USP9X, respectively. Modulation of BoNT turnover in cells by small molecules can potentially lead to the development of effective countermeasures against botulism.

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Clostridium botulinum

Cited by 11 publications

References 153 publications

A Meta-analysis of Antimicrobial Peptide Effects on Intestinal Bacteria, Immune Response, and Antioxidant Activity of Broilers

A Meta-analysis of Antimicrobial Peptide Effects on Intestinal Bacteria, Immune Response, and Antioxidant Activity of Broilers

Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium botulinum

Screening of a Focused Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway Inhibitor Library Identifies Small Molecules as Novel Modulators of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Toxicity

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