<i>Circadian and Homeostatic Factors in Arousal</i>

Silver, Rae; LeSauter, Joseph

doi:10.1196/annals.1417.032

Cited by 40 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…The coordination of physiological functions and behavioral responses with environmental predictors of food is a critical adaptive feature (Silver and Lesauter, 2008). Environmental cues signaling the proximity of food such as time of day, or a particular place influence a number of peripheral and central mechanisms to generate the behavioral repertoire (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced anticipatory locomotor responses to scheduled meals in ghrelin receptor deficient mice

et al. 2009

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Ghrelin, an orexigenic hormone produced by the stomach, is secreted in anticipation of scheduled meals and in correlation with anticipatory locomotor activity. We hypothesized that ghrelin is directly implicated in stimulating locomotor activity in anticipation of scheduled meals. To test this hypothesis, we observed 24 hr patterns of locomotor activity in mice with targeted mutations of the ghrelin receptor gene (GHSR KO) and wild-type littermates, all given access to food for four hours daily for 14 days. While WT and GHSR KO mice produced increases in anticipatory locomotor activity, anticipatory locomotor activity in GHSR KO mice was attenuated (p.< 0.05). These behavioral measures correlated with attenuated levels of Fos immunoreactivity in a number of hypothalamic nuclei from GHSR KO placed on the same restricted feeding schedule for seven days and sacrificed at ZT4. Interestingly, seven daily intraperitoeneal ghrelin injections mimicked hypothalamic Fos expression patterns to those seen in mice under restricted feeding schedules. These data suggest that ghrelin acts in the hypothalamus to augment locomotor activity in anticipation of scheduled meals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced anticipatory locomotor responses to scheduled meals in ghrelin receptor deficient mice

et al. 2009

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“…Arousal involves the activation of the reticular activation system (RAS) in the brain stem, the autonomic nervous system and -if induced or accompanied by stress-the endocrine system (Pfaff and Banavar, 2007;Schwartz and Roth, 2008;Silver and LeSauter, 2008). Next to arousal-influencing effects of factors such as hormonal stress reactivity, emotions, temperament, and psychopharmacotherapy, it is assumed that arousal state regulation is also driven by circadian rhythms (Silver and LeSauter, 2008). A correct timing of the circadian clock (SCN) is important to orchestrate neural activity, regulate sleep-wake states, and control emotion and cognition functions (Vicentic et al, 2009).…”

Section: The Role Of Locus Coeruleus In Arousal and Circadian Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered circadian profiles in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: An integrative review and theoretical framework for future studies

Imeraj

Sonuga‐Barke

Antrop

et al. 2012

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

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and (iv) rhythmicity in neuroendocrine and neurophysiological responsiveness. On this basis, we propose a neurobiological framework to guide future study, which sees circadian effects in ADHD, along with other aspects of ADHD arousal-related deficits (e.g., cognitive energetic deficits), as being the result of dysregulated locus coeruleus function. Based on this perspective specific recommendations for future research are presented.

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“…The cellular and biochemical mechanisms underlying the circadian rhythm of sleep and the main source of these signals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus, have been well defined [4]–[6]. In contrast, the neurochemical substrate(s) underlying the homeostatic regulation of sleep are a subject of intense debate and research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time- and Behavioral State-Dependent Changes in Posterior Hypothalamic GABAA Receptors Contribute to the Regulation of Sleep

Volgin

Stettner

et al. 2014

PLoS ONE

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Sleep-wake behavior is regulated by a circadian rhythm, homeostatically and by additional mechanisms that determine the timing of slow-wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) episodes. The posterior hypothalamus coordinates the neural and humoral signals with the rest-activity cycle. It contains wake-active neurons, and is a site where stimulation of inhibitory GABAA receptors promotes sleep, whereas their antagonism enhances wakefulness. We explored whether GABAergic mechanisms present in the posterior hypothalamus contribute to the homeostatic and other aspects of sleep-wake regulation. Using micropunches of tissue extracted from either the perifornical (PF) or dorsomedial (DM) regions of the posterior hypothalamus of rats, we determined that mRNA levels for selected subunits of GABAA receptors (β1, β3 and ε) were higher at the end of the active period or following sleep deprivation, when the need for sleep is high, than after several hours of sleep, when sleep need is partially fulfilled. Such a pattern was present in the PF region only, and was consistent with changes in β1 subunit and GABA synthesizing enzyme (GAD) protein levels. In contrast, in the DM region, the levels of GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs and proteins (α1, α2, β1) and GAD varied with circadian time, but were not responsive to sleep deprivation. Separate experiments with sleep-wake monitoring and local perfusion of the PF region with the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline revealed that the antagonist had a weaker sleep-reducing effect when sleep need was enhanced by sleep deprivation and that the increased amount of REMS characteristic of the late sleep period was dependent on endogenous GABAergic inhibition. These results support the concept that a varying magnitude of GABAergic inhibition exerted within the PF region contributes to the homeostatic regulation of sleep and shapes its temporal pattern, whereas GABAergic mechanisms in the DM region contribute to circadian regulation.

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Circadian and Homeostatic Factors in Arousal

Cited by 40 publications

References 86 publications

Reduced anticipatory locomotor responses to scheduled meals in ghrelin receptor deficient mice

Reduced anticipatory locomotor responses to scheduled meals in ghrelin receptor deficient mice

Altered circadian profiles in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: An integrative review and theoretical framework for future studies

Time- and Behavioral State-Dependent Changes in Posterior Hypothalamic GABAA Receptors Contribute to the Regulation of Sleep

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