<i>Changes of Basal Metabolic Rate in Man in Semistarvation and Refeeding</i>

Grande, Francisco; Anderson, Joseph T.; Keys, Ancel

doi:10.1152/jappl.1958.12.2.230

Cited by 170 publications

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“…Few decades have passed now, as the first studies to test experimental starvation in human reported a decrease in EE above that explained by fat mass and fat-free mass losses, 7,[13][14][15][16][17] suggesting the presence of an adaptive component of thermogenesis in response to decreased energy intake. However, controversy arose over the years with regards to demonstrating this phenomenon in opposite circumstances, that is an increase in EE beyond expectation during overfeeding.…”

Section: Adaptive Thermogenesis: a Historical Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical significance of adaptive thermogenesis

et al. 2007

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The epidemic of obesity is developing faster than the scientific understanding of an efficient way to overcome it, as reflected by the low success rate of short-and long-term weight loss interventions. From a clinical standpoint, this suggests that the body tends to defend a set point of possible genetic origin in the context of a weight-reducing program. As described in this paper, this limited therapeutic success may depend on adaptive thermogenesis, which represents in this case the decrease in energy expenditure (EE) beyond what could be predicted from the changes in fat mass or fat-free mass under conditions of standardized physical activity in response to a decrease in energy intake. This issue has been documented in recent studies that have shown in obese individuals adhering to a weight reduction program a greater than predicted decrease in EE, which in some cases was quantitatively sufficient to overcome the prescribed energy restriction, suggesting a role for adaptive thermogenesis in unsuccessful weight loss interventions and reduced body weight maintenance. As also discussed in this paper, this 'adaptive thermogenesis' can be influenced by environmental factors, which have not been frequently considered up to now. This is potentially the case for plasma organochlorine concentration and oxygen desaturation in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. It is concluded that health professionals should be aware that in some vulnerable individuals, adaptive thermogenesis can be multicausal, and has the capacity to compensate, at least partly, for the prescribed energy deficit, possibly going beyond any good compliance of some patients.

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Section: Adaptive Thermogenesis: a Historical Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical significance of adaptive thermogenesis

et al. 2007

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“…those under sympathetic neural control. Since these confounding factors will increase in magnitude with higher planes of nutrition, it is understandable that other studies examining metabolic rate during rehabilitation using much more generous energy loads than in the Minnesota Experiment, have not found adjusted BMR to be lower, but to be normal or high during the early phase of refeeding (Grande et al 1958;Jackson, 1984;Waterlow, 1992). However, since the mechanism suppressing thermogenesis is primarily governed by the degree of fat replenishment, this implies that it can operate concomitantly and independently of other mechanisms for thermogenesis and energy dissipation.…”

Section: Co-existence Of Reduced Thermogenesis For Fat Replenishment mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human pattern of food intake and fuel-partitioning during weight recovery after starvation: A theory of autoregulation of body composition

Dulloo

1997

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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“…Although there is considerable debate as to whether the change in RMR with weight loss is prognostic of successful long-term weight maintenance, [13][14][15][16] it is well accepted that RMR decreases substantially during energy restriction even before significant weight loss has occurred. [16][17][18] The seminal research undertaken in the Minnesota SemiStarvation experiment, trials on lean men demonstrated that the decline in RMR was most rapid in the first 2 weeks, indicating that the reduced metabolic activity of the body tissues occurred quickly in response to energy deficiency. 19 These adaptive responses are equally evident in obese individuals when energy is restricted, despite them having substantial energy stores.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does metabolic compensation explain the majority of less-than-expected weight loss in obese adults during a short-term severe diet and exercise intervention?

et al. 2012

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OBJECTIVE:We investigated to what extent changes in metabolic rate and composition of weight loss explained the lessthan-expected weight loss in obese men and women during a diet-plus-exercise intervention. DESIGN: In all, 16 obese men and women (41 ± 9 years; body mass index (BMI) 39 ± 6 kg m À 2 ) were investigated in energy balance before, after and twice during a 12-week very-low-energy diet(565-650 kcal per day) plus exercise (aerobic plus resistance training) intervention. The relative energy deficit (EDef) from baseline requirements was severe (74%-87%). Body composition was measured by deuterium dilution and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured by indirect calorimetry. Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were converted into energy equivalents using constants 9.45 kcal per g FM and 1.13 kcal per g FFM. Predicted weight loss was calculated from the EDef using the 0 7700 kcal kg À 1 rule 0 . RESULTS: Changes in weight ( À 18.6 ± 5.0 kg), FM ( À 15.5 ± 4.3 kg) and FFM ( À 3.1 ± 1.9 kg) did not differ between genders. Measured weight loss was on average 67% of the predicted value, but ranged from 39% to 94%. Relative EDef was correlated with the decrease in RMR (R ¼ 0.70, Po0.01), and the decrease in RMR correlated with the difference between actual and expected weight loss (R ¼ 0.51, Po0.01). Changes in metabolic rate explained on average 67% of the less-than-expected weight loss, and variability in the proportion of weight lost as FM accounted for a further 5%. On average, after adjustment for changes in metabolic rate and body composition of weight lost, actual weight loss reached 90% of the predicted values. CONCLUSION: Although weight loss was 33% lower than predicted at baseline from standard energy equivalents, the majority of this differential was explained by physiological variables. Although lower-than-expected weight loss is often attributed to incomplete adherence to prescribed interventions, the influence of baseline calculation errors and metabolic downregulation should not be discounted.

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Changes of Basal Metabolic Rate in Man in Semistarvation and Refeeding

Cited by 170 publications

References 0 publications

Clinical significance of adaptive thermogenesis

Clinical significance of adaptive thermogenesis

Human pattern of food intake and fuel-partitioning during weight recovery after starvation: A theory of autoregulation of body composition

Does metabolic compensation explain the majority of less-than-expected weight loss in obese adults during a short-term severe diet and exercise intervention?

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