<i>Capillaria hepatica</i> in Wild Norway Rats (<i>Rattus norvegicus</i>) from Vancouver, Canada

Rothenburger, Jamie L.; Himsworth, Chelsea G.; Chang, Victoria; Lejeune, Manigandan; Leighton, Frederick A.

doi:10.7589/2013-09-256

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…C. hepatica is a zoonotic parasitic nematode that commonly infects house mice [28], brown rats [29][30][31] and other incidental hosts, including humans [32]. In mammals, ingestion of embryonated C. hepatica eggs precedes larval penetration of the intestine and migration to the liver.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discovery of two highly divergent negative-sense RNA viruses associated with the parasitic nematode, Capillaria hepatica, in wild Mus musculus from New York City

Williams

Che

Oleynik

et al. 2019

Journal of General Virology

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Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technology have led to a rapid expansion in the number of viral sequences associated with samples from vertebrates, invertebrates and environmental samples. Accurate host identification can be difficult in assays of complex samples that contain more than one potential host. Using unbiased metagenomic sequencing, we investigated wild house mice (Mus musculus) and brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) from New York City to determine the aetiology of liver disease. Light microscopy was used to characterize liver disease, and fluorescent microscopy with in situ hybridization was employed to identify viral cell tropism. Sequences representing two novel negative-sense RNA viruses were identified in homogenates of wild house mouse liver tissue: Amsterdam virus and Fulton virus. In situ hybridization localized viral RNA to Capillaria hepatica, a parasitic nematode that had infected the mouse liver. RNA from either virus was found within nematode adults and unembryonated eggs. Expanded PCR screening identified brown rats as a second rodent host for C. hepatica as well as both nematode-associated viruses. Our findings indicate that the current diversity of nematode-associated viruses may be underappreciated and that anatomical imaging offers an alternative to computational host assignment approaches.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discovery of two highly divergent negative-sense RNA viruses associated with the parasitic nematode, Capillaria hepatica, in wild Mus musculus from New York City

Williams

Che

Oleynik

et al. 2019

Journal of General Virology

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“…References to morphological identification keys for the genus or species were given in twelve (52.2%) papers (Yokota et al 1991 ; Kataranovski et al 2010 ; Milazzo et al 2010 ; Kataranovski et al 2011 ; Rothenburger et al 2014a ; Rothenburger et al 2014b ; Aghazadeh et al 2015b ; McGarry et al 2015 ; Franssen et al 2016 ; Bunkowska-Gawlik et al 2017 ; Desvars-Larrive et al 2017 ; Rothenburger et al 2019 ). Drawings and photographs showing typical morphological features of the worms were provided in one (4.3%) (Yokota et al 1991 ) and four (17.4%) (Kataranovski et al 2010 ; Rothenburger et al 2014b ; Aghazadeh et al 2015b ; Franssen et al 2016 ) papers, respectively.…”

Section: Methods To Investigate the Helminths Of Urban Ratsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Impact of the season on helminth occurrence varied depending on the geographical location and helminth species. Concerning C. hepaticum , the prevalence was stable through the year in Baltimore, USA (Farhang-Azad 1977 ; Childs et al 1988 ; Easterbrook et al 2007 ), whereas autumn was at lowest risk of infection in Belgrade, Serbia (Kataranovski et al 2011 ), but at highest risk in Vancouver, Canada (Rothenburger et al 2014a ). If the highest prevalences of H. spumosa , N. brasiliensis , O. ezoensis , S. ratti and S. venezuelensis were reported in spring (March–May) in Japan (Shintoku et al 2005 ), the prevalence of N. brasiliensis in Europe (Kataranovski et al 2011 ) and H. diminuta in the USA (Easterbrook et al 2007 ) was significantly lower in spring.…”

Section: Risk Factors Of Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Helminths of urban rats in developed countries: a systematic review to identify research gaps

Gliga

Pisanu²,

Walzer

et al. 2020

Parasitol Res

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Although black ( Rattus rattus) and brown ( Rattus norvegicus ) rats are among the most widespread synanthropic wild rodents, there is a surprising scarcity of knowledge about their ecology in the urban ecosystem. In particular, relatively few studies have investigated their helminth species diversity in such habitat. We followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guideline to synthesize the existing published literature regarding the helminth fauna of urban rats in developed countries (North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand and Japan). We aimed at describing the species diversity and richness of urban rat helminths, the species prevalence and associations, the methods of investigation, the pathological changes observed in the hosts, the risk factors of infection and the public health significance of rat-borne helminthiases. Twenty-three scientific papers published between 1946 and 2019 were reviewed, half of them were conducted in Europe. Twenty-five helminth species and eight genera were described from the liver, digestive tract, lungs and muscles of urban rats. The most commonly reported parasite was Calodium hepaticum . Prevalence and risk factors of helminth infection in urban rats varied greatly between studies. Observed pathological findings in the rat host were generally minor, except for C. hepaticum . Several rat helminths can parasitize humans and are therefore of public health significance. The lack of references to identification keys and the rare use of molecular tools for species confirmation represent the main limitation of these studies. Knowledge gap on this topic and the needs for future research are discussed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00436-020-06776-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Livers were examined for the presence of grossly evident multifocal tortuous white foci consistent with Capillaria hepatica infection. 26 …”

Section: Autopsy and Tissue Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey of Cardiovascular Pathology in Wild Urban Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus

et al. 2014

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Norway (Rattus norvegicus) and black rats (Rattus rattus) are common commensal pests, yet little is known about the ecology of wild rats, including their natural diseases. We describe microscopic cardiovascular pathology in a subset of a sample of 725 wild urban rats. Changes observed in the pulmonary blood vessels (n ¼ 199) included arteriolar medial hypertrophy (20.1%, n ¼ 40) and blood vessel mineralization (19.1%, n ¼ 38). Microscopic changes in the heart (n ¼ 200) included myocarditis (33.5%, n ¼ 67), fibrosis (6.0%, n ¼ 12), mineralization (9.5%, n ¼ 19), myocardial degeneration (22.0%, n ¼ 44), and right ventricular hypertrophy (4.5%, n ¼ 9). Rats with myocarditis, fibrosis, or myocardial degeneration were grouped into a composite variable: cardiomyopathy. Statistical analysis showed that the odds of being affected by cardiomyopathy were greater in male rats (odds ratio [OR] ¼ 2.49; 95% confidence interval [CI] ¼ 1.12-5.55) and heavier rats (OR ¼ 1.14; 95% CI ¼ 1.09-1.20). The odds of pulmonary arteriolar medial hypertrophy was greater in sexually mature rats (OR ¼ 2.35; 95% CI ¼ 0.75-7.36), while the odds of pulmonary vessel mineralization were greater in heavier rats (OR ¼ 1.07; 95% CI ¼ 1.03-1.11) and in black rats (OR ¼ 5.35; 95% CI ¼ 1.62-17.69) compared to Norway rats. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed description of pathology in the cardiovascular system of wild rats and demonstrates that cardiovascular disease is common. The impact of these lesions on individual and population health remains to be investigated. Keywords animals, cardiovascular diseases, disease, heart, pathology, pulmonary artery, rats, Rattus norvegicus, Rattus rattus, wild Norway and black rats (Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus) are among the most abundant and widespread mammalian species, inhabiting all continents except Antarctica.9 These rats are especially well adapted to living in close proximity to humans, making use of human harborage, refuse, and agricultural crops.9 This adaptation has resulted in a number of negative consequences for people, ranging from economic losses through food consumption to health risks associated with the transmission of zoonotic diseases.9,14 Despite humankind's long-standing association with Norway and black rats, there is still a number of significant gaps in our understanding of the ecology of these species. Perhaps the most notable gap is related to causes of natural morbidity and mortality.The life span of wild urban rats is short, with few individuals living beyond 1 year. 9 In contrast, the expected life span of laboratory rats ranges from 2 to 3 years. 22 The reason for this rapid population turnover in wild rats is unclear. Research has shown that predation does not significantly reduce population size.9 Similarly, long-term population effects of rat control activities, such as trapping and poisoning, are limited because of these rodents' high fecundity rates.9 Additionally, competition for food, habitat, and other resources has been suggested as a cause of rat m...

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Capillaria hepatica in Wild Norway Rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Vancouver, Canada

Cited by 13 publications

References 12 publications

Discovery of two highly divergent negative-sense RNA viruses associated with the parasitic nematode, Capillaria hepatica, in wild Mus musculus from New York City

Discovery of two highly divergent negative-sense RNA viruses associated with the parasitic nematode, Capillaria hepatica, in wild Mus musculus from New York City

Helminths of urban rats in developed countries: a systematic review to identify research gaps

Survey of Cardiovascular Pathology in Wild Urban Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus

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