<i>Candida</i> and Other Fungal Species

Krom, Bastiaan P.; Kidwai, Saqib; Cate, J.M. ten

doi:10.1177/0022034514521814

Cited by 107 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…These differences between the two groups were primarily due to relative proportions rather than species composition except for the genus Prevotella , which was found to be significantly associated with presence of Candida by LefSe analysis (LDA < 2). Prior studies have shown that fungi are important for maintaining oral microbiome homeostasis but their role in the ETT biofilm remains unclear2829. Remarkably, in our samples, Candida spp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 55%

The endotracheal tube microbiome associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus epidermidis

Hotterbeekx

Xavier

Bielen

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the commonest hospital-acquired infections associated with high mortality. VAP pathogenesis is closely linked to organisms colonizing the endotracheal tube (ETT) such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the former a common commensal with pathogenic potential and the latter a known VAP pathogen. However, recent gut microbiome studies show that pathogens rarely function alone. Hence, we determined the ETT microbial consortium co-colonizing with S. epidermidis or P. aeruginosa to understand its importance in the development of VAP and for patient prognosis. Using bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS-II sequencing on ETT biomass showing presence of P. aeruginosa and/or S. epidermidis on culture, we found that presence of P. aeruginosa correlated inversely with patient survival and with bacterial species diversity. A decision tree, using 16S rRNA and patient parameters, to predict patient survival was generated. Patients with a relative abundance of Pseudomonadaceae <4.6% and of Staphylococcaceae <70.8% had the highest chance of survival. When Pseudomonadaceae were >4.6%, age of patient <66.5 years was the most important predictor of patient survival. These data indicate that the composition of the ETT microbiome correlates with patient prognosis, and presence of P. aeruginosa is an important predictor of patient outcome.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 55%

The endotracheal tube microbiome associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus epidermidis

Hotterbeekx

Xavier

Bielen

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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“…Current reports on a normal oral microbiome however are limited to the “bacteriome” (subsequently referred to as “microbiome”) and very limited reports on the mycobiome—fungal microbiome (Ghannoum et al, 2010; Dupuy et al, 2014; Mukherjee et al, 2014). Current knowledge on the role of fungi as part of a healthy oral microbiome has been recently reviewed and is therefore not further discussed here (Krom et al, 2014). The microbiome has been studied in great detail and phylogenetic information of oral bacteria is gathered in databases dedicated to oral cavity (Palmer, 2014).…”

Section: What Constitutes Normal Oral Microbiome?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bacteria produce a range of signaling molecules that affect C. albicans biofilm formation or morphogenesis, while C. albicans metabolites are known to influence bacterial growth (Wright et al, 2013). Such interactions, as well as interkingdom adhesion events, are also likely with the other members of the oral mycobiome (Krom et al, 2014). …”

Section: Microbe-derived Microbiome Maintenance Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acquiring and maintaining a normal oral microbiome: current perspective

Zaura¹,

Nicu²,

Krom³

et al. 2014

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

191

144

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The oral microbiota survives daily physical and chemical perturbations from the intake of food and personal hygiene measures, resulting in a long-term stable microbiome. Biological properties that confer stability in the microbiome are important for the prevention of dysbiosis—a microbial shift toward a disease, e.g., periodontitis or caries. Although processes that underlie oral diseases have been studied extensively, processes involved in maintaining of a normal, healthy microbiome are poorly understood. In this review we present our hypothesis on how a healthy oral microbiome is acquired and maintained. We introduce our view on the prenatal development of tolerance for the normal oral microbiome: we propose that development of fetal tolerance toward the microbiome of the mother during pregnancy is the major factor for a successful acquisition of a normal microbiome. We describe the processes that influence the establishment of such microbiome, followed by our perspective on the process of sustaining a healthy oral microbiome. We divide microbiome-maintenance factors into host-derived and microbe-derived, while focusing on the host. Finally, we highlight the need and directions for future research.

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“…A healthy microbiome is maintained by bacterial homeostasis which is achieved by a balance of inter-microbial as well as host-microbial interactions, which can be synergistic and antagonistic (Marsh, 1994, 2003). In this respect it should be noted that although other inhabitants of the oral cavity, including archaea, protozoa, viruses and fungi, might have significant roles in health and disease (Krom et al, 2014), most common studies on the oral microbiota are limited to bacteria. The role of these “co-inhabitants” is not well explored and thus also lacking in the above-listed hypotheses.…”

Section: All These Hypotheses But Are We There Yet?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical and contemporary hypotheses on the development of oral diseases: are we there yet?

Rosier

Jäger

Zaura

et al. 2014

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

137

127

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Dental plaque is an oral biofilm that much like the rest of our microbiome has a role in health and disease. Specifically, it is the cause of very common oral diseases such as caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. The ideas about oral disease development have evolved over time. In the nineteenth century, scientists could not identify bacteria related to disease due to the lack of technology. This led to the “Non-Specific Plaque Hypothesis” or the idea that the accumulation of dental plaque was responsible for oral disease without discriminating between the levels of virulence of bacteria. In the twentieth century this idea evolved with the techniques to analyze the changes from health to disease. The first common hypothesis was the “Specific Plaque Hypothesis” (1976) proposing that only a few species of the total microflora are actively involved in disease. Secondly, the “Non-Specific Plaque Hypothesis” was updated (1986) and the idea that the overall activity of the total microflora could lead to disease, was enriched by taking into account difference in virulence among bacteria. Then, a hypothesis was considered that combines key concepts of the earlier two hypotheses: the “Ecological Plaque Hypothesis” (1994), which proposes that disease is the result of an imbalance in the microflora by ecological stress resulting in an enrichment of certain disease-related micro-organisms. Finally, the recent “Keystone-Pathogen Hypothesis” (2012) proposes that certain low-abundance microbial pathogens can cause inflammatory disease by interfering with the host immune system and remodeling the microbiota. In this comprehensive review, we describe how these different hypotheses, and the ideas around them, arose and test their current applicability to the understanding of the development of oral disease. Finally, we conclude that an all-encompassing ecological hypothesis explaining the shifts from health to disease is still lacking.

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Candida and Other Fungal Species

Cited by 107 publications

References 61 publications

The endotracheal tube microbiome associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus epidermidis

The endotracheal tube microbiome associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus epidermidis

Acquiring and maintaining a normal oral microbiome: current perspective

Historical and contemporary hypotheses on the development of oral diseases: are we there yet?

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