<i>Candida albicans</i>
            -Endothelial Cell Interactions: a Key Step in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Candidiasis

Grubb, Sarah; Murdoch, Craig; Sudbery, Peter E.; Saville, Stephen P.; Lopez-Ribot, José L.; Thornhill, Martin H.

doi:10.1128/iai.00332-08

Cited by 79 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…In contrast to its major role on phagocytic cells for fungal b-glucan recognition, Dectin-1 is generally believed not expressed by endothelial cells previously. 88,96 However, a recent study observed Dectin-1 on HUVECs. 97 C. albicans has a family of specialized proteins (adhesins) with agglutinin-like sequence (ALS).…”

Section: Prrs Of Endothelial Cellsmentioning

confidence: 96%

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The role of pattern recognition receptors in the innate recognition ofCandida albicans

Zheng

Wang

et al. 2015

Virulence

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Section: Prrs Of Endothelial Cellsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Once hematogenously disseminated candidiasis initiates, C. albicans must adhere to and invade the endothelial cell lining to infect the deep tissues. 88 Endothelial cells express many PRRs. In detail, immune responsive endothelial cells in healthy arteries express low levels of TLR2 and TLR4.…”

Section: Prrs Of Endothelial Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of pattern recognition receptors in the innate recognition ofCandida albicans

Zheng

Wang

et al. 2015

Virulence

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“…C. albicans invasion into oral epithelial cells is a key feature of oropharyngeal candidiasis (10,17,32,48,53). Also, during hematogenously disseminated candidiasis, blood-borne organisms must invade the endothelial cell lining of the vasculature to reach the deep tissues (19). C. albicans must invade oral epithelial cells and endothelial cells in order to damage these cells in vitro (15,43).…”

Section: Als3 Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Candida albicans Als3, a Multifunctional Adhesin and Invasin

2011

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2Candida albicans is part of the normal human flora, and it grows on mucosal surfaces in healthy individuals. In susceptible hosts, this organism can cause both mucosal and hematogenously disseminated disease. For C. albicans to persist in the host and induce disease, it must be able to adhere to biotic and abiotic surfaces, invade host cells, and obtain iron. The C. albicans hypha-specific surface protein Als3 is a member of the agglutininlike sequence (Als) family of proteins and is important in all of these processes. Functioning as an adhesin, Als3 mediates attachment to epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and extracellular matrix proteins. It also plays an important role in biofilm formation on prosthetic surfaces, both alone and in mixed infection with Streptococcus gordonii. Als3 is one of two known C. albicans invasins. It binds to host cell receptors such as E-cadherin and N-cadherin and thereby induces host cells to endocytose the organism. Als3 also binds to host cell ferritin and enables C. albicans to utilize this protein as a source of iron. Because of its multiple functions and its high expression level in vivo, Als3 is a promising target for vaccines that induce protective cell-mediated and antibody responses. This review will summarize the multiple functions of this interesting and multifunctional protein.Candida spp. are the fourth most common cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections, and Candida albicans accounts for approximately 50% of cases of candidemia (20,67). This organism also causes at least 80% of cases of oropharyngeal and vulvovaginal candidiasis (57, 66). The predominance of C. albicans as a cause of both hematogenously disseminated and mucosal disease suggests that this organism possesses unique virulence factors compared to other species of Candida. One such factor, which is present only in C. albicans, is Als3. This protein plays a key role in multiple processes that are necessary for the organism to colonize the host and cause disease. These processes include adherence to host cells, biofilm formation, host cell invasion, and iron acquisition. Moreover, because Als3 is highly expressed in vivo, it is a promising target for therapeutic antibody and vaccine development. This review will discuss Als3 structure and function, as well as its utility as a therapeutic target. GENETIC AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF Als3The ALS gene family. Als3 is encoded by the ALS3 gene, which is a member of the agglutinin-like sequence (ALS) gene family (23). This family was discovered by Hoyer et al. (24) based on its similarity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae SAG1, which codes for ␣ agglutinin. The ALS gene family has eight members (ALS1 to ALS7 and ALS9) (Fig. 1). These genes encode cell surface proteins that are predicted to share the same overall structure (Fig. 2). At the N terminus is a signal peptide followed by a 300-amino-acid immunoglobulin-like domain and a 104-amino-acid threonine-rich domain that contains ␤-sheets (18,22,47,55). Most Als proteins have adhesin function (18,55,72), an...

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“…For instance, mucosal epithelial surface is the initial site of C. albicans for contacting with host, and epithelial cells upregulate TLR4 and subsequently protect against tissue damage caused by C. albicans. 31 Furthermore, endothelial cells can also interact with fungi, and the interaction between C. albicans and endothelial cells has been reported, 32 such as in blood vessels; however, its mechanism might involve complex processes, which would be potentially great for both bench work and clinical research in future.…”

Section: Innate Immunity and Fungal Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunity against Fungal Infections

Jiang

2016

Immunol Immunogenet Insights

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Fungal diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality among the immunocompromised, including HIV-infected individuals and patients with cancer. Individuals without a weakened immune system can also suffer from these infections. Not surprisingly, fungi are a major target for the immune system, rendered visible to it by expression of pathogen-associated molecular patterns/signatures. We now appreciate the roles of both innate and adaptive immunity in eliminating fungal infections, and how a disproportionate or inadequate immune response can diminish the host's capacity to eliminate fungi. This review focuses on our current understanding of the roles of innate and adaptive immunity in clearing common and emergent fungal pathogens. A clearer understanding of how the host's immune response tackles fungal infection may provide useful clues as to how we might develop new agents to treat those diseases in the future.

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Candida albicans -Endothelial Cell Interactions: a Key Step in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Candidiasis

Cited by 79 publications

References 86 publications

The role of pattern recognition receptors in the innate recognition ofCandida albicans

The role of pattern recognition receptors in the innate recognition ofCandida albicans

Candida albicans Als3, a Multifunctional Adhesin and Invasin

Immunity against Fungal Infections

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