Canariumin the Southeast Asian and Oceanic archaeobotanical and pollen records

Abstract

Canarium is a group of rainforest trees found in southeast Asia and into the Pacific, whose nuts are edible. The nuts have quite often been found in early archaeological contexts: that evidence and the palaeobotanical record largely deriving from pollen now enables some rounded account of the early human place of the tree and its nuts.

Mummified fruits of Canarium from the upper Pleistocene of South China

“…For the Pleistocene and Holocene, Canarium is limited to southern Asia, Africa, northern Australia, and the Pacific Islands, which corresponds with the extant range of the genus. 35 , 36 , 37

Figure 7 Megafossil records of Canarium ( Table S3 ) and the major native ranges of its extant species The extant species ranges of Canarium are from Global Biodiversity Information Facility ( GBIF.org (24 July 2022) GBIF Occurrence Download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.6nhprp ).

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Food and ritual resources in hunter-gatherer societies: Canarium nuts in southern China and beyond

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Figure 8.Representative archaeological sites, with reported Canarium remains in the Asia-Pacific region: 1) Baida; 2) Gexinqiao; 3) Lilao; 4) Guhongling; 5) Liyupo; 6–7) Huiyaotian & Tangdichong; 8) Duliao; 9) Shijiaoshan; 10) Guye; 11) Dong Dau; 12) Den Citadel; 13–20) Con Moong Cave, Du Sang, Xom Trai, Hang Doi, Hang Muoi, Mai Da Dieu, Con Co Ngua & Hang Trống; 21) Bau Du; 22–23) Spirit Cave & Banyan Valley Cave; 24) Gua Harimau; 25) Braholo Cave; 26) Song Keplek; 27) Niah Cave; 28) Ille Cave; 29) Bubog-1; 30) Daeo Cave 2; 31–32. Ulu Leang & Leang Burung 1; 33) Seraba; 34) Dongan; 35) Talepakemalai; 36) Pamwak Cave; 37) Panakiwuk Cave; 38–40) Makekur, Apalo & Maklo; 41) Nissan; 42) Kilu Cave; 43–44) Vatuluma Posovi & Vatuluma Tavuro; 45) Ifo (after Maloney 1996; Li 2016, with updates from Tran et al 1970; Matthews & Gosden 1997; Simanjuntak & Asikin 2004; Abdullah & Paeni 2015; Simanjuntak 2016; Nguyen 2017; Rabett et al 2017; Nguyen et al 2018; Oxenham et al 2018; Bellwood 2019; Pawlik et al 2019, and personal communications from T. Simanjuntak, A.A. Oktaviana & H. Sofian, for Gua Harimau) (base map converted by QGIS 3.8.3, from free data at ).

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Prehistory in a nutshell: a Lapita‐age nut‐cracking stone from the Arawe Islands, Papua New Guinea

“…have been part of the human diet throughout coastal and lowland regions since the late Pleistocene and early Holocene (Barker et al . ; Maloney ; Morwood et al . ; Nguyen ; O'Connor et al .…”