<i>Borrelia valaisiana</i>in Cerebrospinal Fluid

Diza, Eudoxia; Papa, Anna; Vezyri, E.; Tsounis, Stefanos; Milonas, Ioannis; Ántoniadis, Antonis

doi:10.3201/eid1009.030439

Cited by 95 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Intriguingly, this species is only very rarely associated with human infection (8). It was demonstrated in vitro that B. burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies showed different patterns of resistance or sensitivity to the complement systems of different vertebrates (41).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…detected in humans: B. bissettiae (3,4), B. lusitaniae (5,6), B. spielmanii (7), and B. valaisiana (8); however, their pathogenicity is still unclear (9 (10,11). Different genospecies display different patterns of host specialization and tissue tropism and are associated with overlapping but distinct spectra of clinical manifestations: B. burgdorferi sensu stricto is most often associated with arthritis and neuroborreliosis, B. garinii with neuroborreliosis, and B. afzelii with chronic skin conditions such as acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (12).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Europe-Wide Meta-Analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Prevalence in Questing Ixodes ricinus Ticks

Strnad

Hönig

Růžek

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

160

131

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Lyme borreliosis is the most common zoonotic disease transmitted by ticks in Europe and North America. Despite having multiple tick vectors, the causative agent, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, is vectored mainly by Ixodes ricinus in Europe. In the present study, we aimed to review and summarize the existing data published from 2010 to 2016 concerning the prevalence of B. burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes in questing I. ricinus ticks. The primary focus was to evaluate the infection rate of these bacteria in ticks, accounting for tick stage, adult tick gender, region, and detection method, as well as to investigate any changes in prevalence over time. The data obtained were compared to the findings of a previous metastudy. The literature search identified data from 23 countries, with 115,028 ticks, in total, inspected for infection with B. burgdorferi sensu lato. We showed that the infection rate was significantly higher in adults than in nymphs and in females than in males. We found significant differences between European regions, with the highest infection rates in Central Europe. The most common genospecies were B. afzelii and B. garinii, despite a negative correlation of their prevalence rates. No statistically significant differences were found among the prevalence rates determined by conventional PCR, nested PCR, and real-time PCR.IMPORTANCE Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato is a pathogenic bacterium whose clinical manifestations are associated with Lyme borreliosis. This vector-borne disease is a major public health concern in Europe and North America and may lead to severe arthritic, cardiovascular, and neurological complications if left untreated. Although pathogen prevalence is considered an important predictor of infection risk, solitary isolated data have only limited value. Here we provide summarized information about the prevalence of B. burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes among host-seeking Ixodes ricinus ticks, the principal tick vector of borreliae in Europe. We compare the new results with previously published data in order to evaluate any changing trends in tick infection.KEYWORDS Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, tick, Ixodes ricinus, genospecies, metaanalysis, Lyme borreliosis, Lyme disease T he Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato group includes the causative agents of Lyme borreliosis (LB), the most prevalent human tick-borne disease in the Northern Hemisphere (1). The bacterium is maintained in a horizontal transmission cycle between its vector, ticks of the genus Ixodes, and vertebrate reservoir host species. In Europe, there are a number of different B. burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies, many of them directly associated with human LB. The disease is caused predominantly by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii, B. garinii, and B. bavariensis (previously known as B. garinii OspA serotype 4) (2). In addition, four other genospecies are occasionally

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Europe-Wide Meta-Analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Prevalence in Questing Ixodes ricinus Ticks

Strnad

Hönig

Růžek

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

160

131

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“…Although studies with both patients and laboratory animals have indicated the potential for B. bissettii, B. valaisiana, or B. lusitaniae to cause clinical disease (65,81,106,257,334), the pathogenicity of these Borrelia species in humans is not well established.…”

Section: B Burgdorferi Genospeciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of Lyme Borreliosis

et al. 2005

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A large amount of knowledge has been acquired since the original descriptions of Lyme borreliosis (LB) and of its causative agent, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. The complexity of the organism and the variations in the clinical manifestations of LB caused by the different B. burgdorferi sensu lato species were not then anticipated. Considerable improvement has been achieved in detection of B. burgdorferi sensu lato by culture, particularly of blood specimens during early stages of disease. Culturing plasma and increasing the volume of material cultured have accomplished this. Further improvements might be obtained if molecular methods are used for detection of growth in culture and if culture methods are automated. Unfortunately, culture is insensitive in extracutaneous manifestations of LB. PCR and culture have high sensitivity on skin samples of patients with EM whose diagnosis is based mostly on clinical recognition of the lesion. PCR on material obtained from extracutaneous sites is in general of low sensitivity, with the exception of synovial fluid. PCR on synovial fluid has shown a sensitivity of up to >90% (when using four different primer sets) in patients with untreated or partially treated Lyme arthritis, making it a helpful confirmatory test in these patients. Currently, the best use of PCR is for confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of suspected Lyme arthritis in patients who are IgG immunoblot positive. PCR should not be used as the sole laboratory modality to support a clinical diagnosis of extracutaneous LB. PCR positivity in seronegative patients suspected of having late manifestations of LB most likely represents a false-positive result. Because of difficulties in direct methods of detection, laboratory tests currently in use are mainly those detecting antibodies to B. burgdorferi sensu lato. Tests used to detect antibodies to B. burgdorferi sensu lato have evolved from the initial formats as more knowledge on the immunodominant antigens has been collected. The recommendation for two-tier testing was an attempt to standardize testing and improve specificity in the United States. First-tier assays using whole-cell sonicates of B. burgdorferi sensu lato need to be standardized in terms of antigen composition and detection threshold of specific immunoglobulin classes. The search for improved serologic tests has stimulated the development of recombinant protein antigens and the synthesis of specific peptides from immunodominant antigens. The use of these materials alone or in combination as the source of antigen in a single-tier immunoassay may someday replace the currently recommended two-tier testing strategy. Evaluation of these assays is currently being done, and there is evidence that certain of these antigens may be broadly cross-reactive with the B. burgdorferi sensu lato species causing LB in Europe

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“…It is the most prevalent vector-borne zoonosis in Eurasia and North America, with about 23,000 newly reported clinical cases in 2005 occurring in the United States (8,44 (39,40). In Central Europe, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii, and B. garinii are the most important causative agents of Lyme disease, while B. bissettii, B. lusitaniae, and B. valaisiana also appear to be associated with the disease (9,11,41,46). More recently, B. spielmanii (formerly designated genospecies A14S) spirochetes have been isolated from patients with skin manifestations in The Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Hungary, and Slovenia (12,13,31,34,39,47,48,52,54).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human PathogenicBorrelia spielmaniisp. nov. Resists Complement-Mediated Killing by Direct Binding of Immune Regulators Factor H and Factor H-Like Protein 1

et al. 2007

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Borrelia spielmanii sp. nov. has recently been shown to be a novel human pathogenic genospecies that causes Lyme disease in Europe. In order to elucidate the immune evasion mechanisms of B. spielmanii, we compared the abilities of isolates obtained from Lyme disease patients and tick isolate PC-Eq17 to escape from complement-mediated bacteriolysis. Using a growth inhibition assay, we show that four B. spielmanii isolates, including PC-Eq17, are serum resistant, whereas a single isolate, PMew, was more sensitive to complement-mediated lysis. All isolates activated complement in vitro, as demonstrated by covalent attachment of C3 fragments; however, deposition of the later activation products C6 and C5b-9 was restricted to the moderately serum-resistant isolate PMew and the serum-sensitive B. garinii isolate G1. Furthermore, serum adsorption experiments revealed that all B. spielmanii isolates acquired the host alternative pathway regulators factor H and factor H-like protein (FHL-1) from human serum. Both complement regulators retained their factor I-mediated C3b inactivation activities when bound to spirochetes. In addition, two distinct factor H and FHL-1 binding proteins, BsCRASP-1 and BsCRASP-2, were identified, which we estimated to be approximately 23 to 25 kDa in mass. A further factor H binding protein, BsCRASP-3, was found exclusively in the tick isolate, PC-Eq17. This is the first report describing an immune evasion mechanism utilized by B. spielmanii sp. nov., and it demonstrates the capture of human immune regulators to resist complement-mediated killing.

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Borrelia valaisianain Cerebrospinal Fluid

Cited by 95 publications

References 8 publications

Europe-Wide Meta-Analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Prevalence in Questing Ixodes ricinus Ticks

Europe-Wide Meta-Analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Prevalence in Questing Ixodes ricinus Ticks

Diagnosis of Lyme Borreliosis

Human PathogenicBorrelia spielmaniisp. nov. Resists Complement-Mediated Killing by Direct Binding of Immune Regulators Factor H and Factor H-Like Protein 1

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