Bifidobacterium longum and Galactooligosaccharide Improve Skin Barrier Dysfunction and Atopic Dermatitis-like Skin

Abstract

Purpose The beneficial effects of a combination therapy using Bifidobacterium longum and galactooligosaccharide (GOS) for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) have not been elucidated. Methods Gene expressions of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and fecal abundance of B . longum from 12-month-old infants were evaluated. Human primary epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) and hairless mice were treated with B. longum , GOS, B. longum -derived extracellular vesicles (BLEVs), dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), or a synbiotic mixture of B . longum and GOS. Expression of epidermal barrier proteins and cytokines as well as serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were analyzed in HEKs and mice. Dermatitis scores, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), epidermal thickness, and fecal B. longum abundance were evaluated in mice. Results Fecal abundance of B . longum was negatively correlated with blood IL-13 expression in infants. B. longum or BLEVs increased expression of filaggrin ( FLG ) and loricrin ( LOR ) in HEKs. B . longum increased the efficacy of GOS to upregulate FLG and LOR expressions in HEKs. Oral administration of GOS increased fecal abundance of B . longum in mice. Oral administration of B . longum attenuated DNCB-induced skin inflammation, abnormal TEWL, AD-like skin, and deficiency of epidermal barrier proteins. Moreover, the combination of B. longum and GOS showed greater effects to improve DNCB-induced skin inflammation, abnormal TEWL, AD-like skin, serum IgE levels, IL-4 over-expression, and the deficiency of epidermal barrier proteins than the administration of B. longum alone. Conclusions B. longum and GOS improve DNCB-induced skin barrier dysfunction and AD-like skin.

Extracellular Vesicles of Probiotics: Shedding Light on the Biological Activity and Future Applications

“…In this regard, however, we would like to point out that seven more original articles appeared during this time. These studies showed the protective effect of probiotic EVs on atopic dermatitis [ 139 ] and various intestinal pathologies (chemoresistant colorectal cancer [ 140 ] or intestinal infections made by enterotoxigenic E. coli [ 141 ]). It was also noticed that probiotic EVs have a strong immunomodulatory effect on the human body (including the intestines) [ 142 ], and that they can be used in the design of innovative vaccines against infectious diseases [ 143 ] and cancers [ 122 ].…”

From gut to skin: exploring the potential of natural products targeting microorganisms for atopic dermatitis treatment

“…61 Therefore, improving AD can be achieved through probiotic supplementation to correct ecological dysbiosis and enhance beneficial microbiota. 62,63…”

Advanced fructo-oligosaccharides improve itching and aberrant epidermal lipid composition in children with atopic dermatitis

“…Although the precise pathophysiology underlying atopic dermatitis (AD) remains incompletely understood, extensive studies have emphasized the significance of microbial dysbiosis and abnormalities in epidermal barrier proteins and lipids ( Langan et al, 2020 ; Kim et al, 2023a , b ). Recent investigations suggest that oral administration of prebiotics, including galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) hold promise in treating AD by serving as energy sources for gut microbes and generating short-chain fatty acids that enhance the growth of beneficial microorganisms ( Kim et al, 2021 ; Kim S. et al, 2022 ; Ahn, 2023 ). Among FOS variants, 1-kestose (GF2), a trisaccharide formed by the combination of a fructose molecule with glucose, can lower pH in culture media and stimulate the growth of Bifidobacterium breve , B. longum , B. bifidum , and B. adolescentis more effectively than other variants ( Tochio et al, 2018 ).…”