<i>Bacillus cereus</i>infection in neonates and the absence of evidence for the role of banked human milk: Case reports and literature review

Lewin, Antoine; Quach, Caroline; Rigourd, Virginie; Picaud, Jean-Charles; Perreault, Thérèse; Frange, Pierre; Domingo, Marc-Christian; Lalancette, Cindy; Delage, Gilles; Germain, Marc

doi:10.1017/ice.2019.110

Cited by 21 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…(iii) Bacillus spp. The Gram-positive bacilli Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus are generally regarded as environmental bacteria but are responsible for occasional human infections in patients, including animal caretakers/herders, immunocompromised individuals, or neonates (270,271). Each species produces both a chromosomal serine penicillinase and an MBL, both of which are species specific.…”

Section: Carbapenemase-producing Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of β-Lactamase-Producing Pathogens

Bush

Bradford²

2020

Clin Microbiol Rev

527

440

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SUMMARY β-Lactam antibiotics have been widely used as therapeutic agents for the past 70 years, resulting in emergence of an abundance of β-lactam-inactivating β-lactamases. Although penicillinases in Staphylococcus aureus challenged the initial uses of penicillin, β-lactamases are most important in Gram-negative bacteria, particularly in enteric and nonfermentative pathogens, where collectively they confer resistance to all β-lactam-containing antibiotics. Critical β-lactamases are those enzymes whose genes are encoded on mobile elements that are transferable among species. Major β-lactamase families include plasmid-mediated extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), AmpC cephalosporinases, and carbapenemases now appearing globally, with geographic preferences for specific variants. CTX-M enzymes include the most common ESBLs that are prevalent in all areas of the world. In contrast, KPC serine carbapenemases are present more frequently in the Americas, the Mediterranean countries, and China, whereas NDM metallo-β-lactamases are more prevalent in the Indian subcontinent and Eastern Europe. As selective pressure from β-lactam use continues, multiple β-lactamases per organism are increasingly common, including pathogens carrying three different carbapenemase genes. These organisms may be spread throughout health care facilities as well as in the community, warranting close attention to increased infection control measures and stewardship of the β-lactam-containing drugs in an effort to control selection of even more deleterious pathogens.

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Section: Carbapenemase-producing Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of β-Lactamase-Producing Pathogens

Bush

Bradford²

2020

Clin Microbiol Rev

527

440

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“…During these processes, the main concern is milk contamination by the bacteria Bacillus cereus. Indeed, B. cereus is the most frequent bacteria found in milk following pasteurization, and it is responsible for a high rate of bacteriologic rejection in human milk banks [4]. Ninety percent of the milk is rejected due to B. cereus, which represents 10% of the total volume collected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus cereus Induces Severe Infections in Preterm Neonates: Implication at the Hospital and Human Milk Bank Level

Cormontagne

Rigourd

Vidić

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Human breast milk (HBM) is a source of essential nutrients for infants and is particularly recommended for preterm neonates when their own mother’s milk is not available. It provides protection against infections and decreases necrotizing enterocolitis and cardiovascular diseases. Nevertheless, HBM spoilage can occur due to contamination by pathogens, and the risk of a shortage of HBM is very often present. B. cereus is the most frequent ubiquitous bacteria responsible for HBM being discarded. It can contaminate HBM at all stages, from its collect point to the storage and delivery. B. cereus can induce severe infection in newborns with very low birth weight, with sometimes fatal outcomes. Although the source of contamination is rarely identified, in some cases, HBM was suspected as a potential source. Even if the risk is low, as infection due to B. cereus in preterm infants should not be overlooked, human milk banks follow strict procedures to avoid contamination, to accurately identify remaining bacteria following pasteurization and to discard non-compliant milk samples. In this review, we present a literature overview of B. cereus infections reported in neonates and the suspected sources of contamination. We highlight the procedures followed by the human milk banks from the collection of the milk to its microbiological characterization in Europe. We also present improved detection and decontamination methods that might help to decrease the risk and to preserve the public’s confidence in this vital biological product for infants whose mothers cannot breastfeed.

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“…Infections of the bloodstream, lungs, central nervous system [ 1 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ], and intestinal tract [ 2 ] have been described, some with fatal outcomes [ 9 , 15 ]. The bacterium is resistant to standard cleaning procedures used in the food industry and hospitals as well to pasteurization [ 7 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Decousser et al first described the presence of pathogenic strains of B. cereus in pasteurized banked milk [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High-pressure inactivation [ 23 ] seems to be a promising method for the future. Since outbreaks of B. cereus infection occur in neonatal intensive care units, PBM becomes a suspect source of infection [ 16 , 24 ]. However, PBM was never confirmed as a source of B. cereus infection in newborns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus cereus as a Major Cause of Discarded Pasteurized Human Banked Milk: A Single Human Milk Bank Experience

Jandová

Měřička

Fišerová

et al. 2021

Foods

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A systematic study, performed from 2017–2020 looked at the rate of positive post-pasteurization B. cereus findings, the quantity of B. cereus in pasteurized banked human milk (PBM), and the rate of B. cereus toxicogenic isolates from PBM. During the study period, 6815.71 L (30,943 tested bottles) of PBM were tested, with an average amount per year of 1703.93 L (7736 tested bottles). The PBM discard rate per year due to bacterial contamination varied between 8.7–10.0% and contamination with B. cereus was the most frequent reason. The total number of B. cereus positive tests was 2739 and the proportion of its positivity from all positive tests was between 56.7–66.6%. The prevalence of B. cereus positive tests rose significantly in the summer months. The production of enterotoxin was found in 3 of the 20 tested samples (15.0%). The B. cereus CFU-quantities in the PBM were below 10 CFU/mL in 80% of cases (16 of 20 samples tested). The quantitative data can be used in the risk assessment of cold storage of PBM at temperatures above zero and manipulation of PBM prior to its administration.

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Bacillus cereusinfection in neonates and the absence of evidence for the role of banked human milk: Case reports and literature review

Cited by 21 publications

References 34 publications

Epidemiology of β-Lactamase-Producing Pathogens

Epidemiology of β-Lactamase-Producing Pathogens

Bacillus cereus Induces Severe Infections in Preterm Neonates: Implication at the Hospital and Human Milk Bank Level

Bacillus cereus as a Major Cause of Discarded Pasteurized Human Banked Milk: A Single Human Milk Bank Experience

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