The spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 has been found to
play a decisive
role in the cell entry mechanism of the virus and has been the prime
target of most vaccine development efforts. Although numerous vaccines
are already in use and more than half of the world population has
been fully vaccinated, the emergence of new variants of the virus
poses a challenge to the existing vaccines. Hence, developing an effective
drug therapy is a crucial step in ending the pandemic. Nanoparticles
can play a crucial role as a drug or a drug carrier and help tackle
the pandemic effectively. Here, we performed explicit all-atom molecular
dynamics simulations to probe interactions between S protein and Montmorillonite
(MMT) nano clay surface. We built two systems with different counterions
(Na
+
and Ca
2+
), namely Na-MMT and Ca-MMT, to
investigate the effect of different ions on S protein-MMT interaction.
Structural modification of S protein was observed in the presence
of MMT surface, particularly the loss of helical content of S protein.
We revealed that electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions synergistically
govern the S protein-MMT interactions. However, hydrophobic interactions
were more pronounced in the Na-MMT system than in Ca-MMT. We also
revealed residues and glycans of S protein closely interacting with
the MMT surface. Interestingly, N165 and N343, which we found to be
closely interacting with MMT in our simulations, also have a critical
role in cell entry and in thwarting the cell’s immune response
in recent studies. Overall, our work provides atomistic insights into
S protein-MMT interaction and enriches our understanding of the nanoparticle-S
protein interaction mechanism, which will help develop advanced therapeutic
techniques in the future.