<i>Arabidopsis</i>homologs of components of the SWR1 complex regulate flowering and plant development

Choi, Kyuha; Park, Chulmin; Lee, Jung-Eun; Oh, Min Seok; Noh, Bosl; Lee, Ilha

doi:10.1242/dev.001891

Cited by 180 publications

(261 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The advantages and effectiveness of amiRNA technology in plant systems have been verified from several studies using transgenic approaches (Alvarez et al, 2006;Niu et al, 2006;Schwab et al, 2006;Choi et al, 2007;Ossowski et al, 2008) since the first finding of amiRNA activity in Arabidopsis (Parizotto et al, 2004). Our study extends amiRNA versatility into Arabidopsis protoplasts.…”

Section: Functional Tools Of Reverse Genetic Studies Using Amirna In supporting

confidence: 74%

Rapid Assessment of Gene Function in the Circadian Clock Using Artificial MicroRNA in Arabidopsis Mesophyll Protoplasts

Kim

Somers

2010

Plant Physiology

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Rapid assessment of the effect of reduced levels of gene products is often a bottleneck in determining how to proceed with an interesting gene candidate. Additionally, gene families with closely related members can confound determination of the role of even a single one of the group. We describe here an in vivo method to rapidly determine gene function using transient expression of artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mesophyll protoplasts. We use a luciferasebased reporter of circadian clock activity to optimize and validate this system. Protoplasts transiently cotransfected with promoter-luciferase and gene-specific amiRNA plasmids sustain free-running rhythms of bioluminescence for more than 6 d. Using both amiRNA plasmids available through the Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center, as well as custom design of constructs using the Weigel amiRNA design algorithm, we show that transient knockdown of known clock genes recapitulates the same circadian phenotypes reported in the literature for loss-of-function mutant plants. We additionally show that amiRNA designed to knock down expression of the casein kinase II b-subunit gene family lengthens period, consistent with previous reports of a short period in casein kinase II b-subunit overexpressors. Our results demonstrate that this system can facilitate a much more rapid analysis of gene function by obviating the need to initially establish stably transformed transgenics to assess the phenotype of gene knockdowns. This approach will be useful in a wide range of plant disciplines when an endogenous cell-based phenotype is observable or can be devised, as done here using a luciferase reporter.

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Section: Functional Tools Of Reverse Genetic Studies Using Amirna In supporting

confidence: 74%

Rapid Assessment of Gene Function in the Circadian Clock Using Artificial MicroRNA in Arabidopsis Mesophyll Protoplasts

Kim

Somers

2010

Plant Physiology

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“…Arabidopsis contains the corresponding subunits of SWC2 and PHO-TOPERIOD-INDEPENDENT EARLY FLOWERING1 (PIE1), which are the homologs of yeast Swc2 and Swr1, respectively. These subunits interact with three Arabidopsis homologs of H2A.Z proteins, HTA8, HTA9, and HTA11 (Choi et al, 2007), indicating that the SWR1 complex is involved in H2A.Z deposition. The loss-of-function pie1 mutant flowers early because PIE1 is required for the deposition of H2A.Z at FLC, MAF4, and MAF5 (Deal et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphorylation of Histone H2A at Serine 95: A Plant-Specific Mark Involved in Flowering Time Regulation and H2A.Z Deposition

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2017

Plant Cell

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Phosphorylation of histone H3 affects transcription, chromatin condensation, and chromosome segregation. However, the role of phosphorylation of histone H2A remains unclear. Here, we found that Arabidopsis thaliana MUT9P-LIKE-KINASE (MLK4) phosphorylates histone H2A on serine 95, a plant-specific modification in the histone core domain. Mutations in MLK4 caused late flowering under long-day conditions but no notable phenotype under short days. MLK4 interacts with CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1 (CCA1), which allows MLK4 to bind to the GIGANTEA (GI) promoter. CCA1 interacts with YAF9a, a co-subunit of the Swi2/Snf2-related ATPase (SWR1) and NuA4 complexes, which are responsible for incorporating the histone variant H2A.Z into chromatin and histone H4 acetylase activity, respectively. Importantly, loss of MLK4 function led to delayed flowering by decreasing phosphorylation of H2A serine 95, along with attenuated accumulation of H2A.Z and the acetylation of H4 at GI, thus reducing GI expression. Together, our results provide insight into how phosphorylation of H2A serine 95 promotes flowering time and suggest that phosphorylation of H2A serine 95 modulated by MLK4 is required for the regulation of flowering time and is involved in deposition of the histone variant H2A.Z and H4 acetylation in Arabidopsis.

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“…It showed only early flowering, which was similar to the fri, frl1, fes1, and suf4 mutants (Figures 1A and 1B; see Supplemental Figure 2 online). FLX was highly expressed in the shoot and root apical meristems and vascular tissues (see Supplemental Figure 2F online), where FLC and the FLC positive regulators, FES1, SUF3, SUF4, and SWC6, are expressed (Michaels and Amasino, 2001;Choi et al, 2005Choi et al, , 2007Schmitz et al, 2005;Kim et al, 2006). In addition, the overexpression of FLX rescued flx-2 but failed to induce late flowering in the Columbia (Col) (fri) background (see Supplemental Figure 2E online).…”

Section: Fri Forms a Large Protein Complexmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The full activation of FLC by FRI requires chromatin modifiers, including proteins catalyzing histone H2B ubiquitination/deubiquitination, histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation, H3K36 methylation, and the PAF1 (RNA polymerase associated factor 1) complex (Kim et al, 2009). In addition, the orthologous components of the yeast ATP-dependent SWR1 chromatin remodeling complex (SWR1-C), such as PHOTOPERIOD INDEPENDENT EARLY FLOWERING1 (PIE1), ACTIN-RELATED PROTEIN6 (ARP6)/SUPPRESSOR OF FRIGIDA3 (SUF3), and SWC6, are also required for incorporation of H2A.Z into FLC chromatin (Noh and Amasino, 2003;Choi et al, 2007;Deal et al, 2007). These chromatin-modifying proteins are well conserved among eukaryotes and are required for the epigenetic marks that are used for active transcription (Li et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The FRIGIDA Complex Activates Transcription of FLC, a Strong Flowering Repressor in Arabidopsis, by Recruiting Chromatin Modification Factors

et al. 2011

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The flowering of Arabidopsis thaliana winter annuals is delayed until the subsequent spring by the strong floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). FRIGIDA (FRI) activates the transcription of FLC, but the molecular mechanism remains elusive. The fri mutation causes early flowering with reduced FLC expression similar to frl1, fes1, suf4, and flx, which are mutants of FLC-specific regulators. Here, we report that FRI acts as a scaffold protein interacting with FRL1, FES1, SUF4, and FLX to form a transcription activator complex (FRI-C). Each component of FRI-C has a specialized function. SUF4 binds to a cis-element of the FLC promoter, FLX and FES1 have transcriptional activation potential, and FRL1 and FES1 stabilize the complex. FRI-C recruits a general transcription factor, a TAF14 homolog, and chromatin modification factors, the SWR1 complex and SET2 homolog. Complex formation was confirmed by the immunoprecipitation of FRI-associated proteins followed by mass spectrometric analysis. Our results provide insight into how a specific transcription activator recruits chromatin modifiers to regulate a key flowering gene.

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Arabidopsishomologs of components of the SWR1 complex regulate flowering and plant development

Cited by 180 publications

References 52 publications

Rapid Assessment of Gene Function in the Circadian Clock Using Artificial MicroRNA in Arabidopsis Mesophyll Protoplasts

Rapid Assessment of Gene Function in the Circadian Clock Using Artificial MicroRNA in Arabidopsis Mesophyll Protoplasts

Phosphorylation of Histone H2A at Serine 95: A Plant-Specific Mark Involved in Flowering Time Regulation and H2A.Z Deposition

The FRIGIDA Complex Activates Transcription of FLC, a Strong Flowering Repressor in Arabidopsis, by Recruiting Chromatin Modification Factors

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