Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes as Vectors of Plasmodiumvivax and falciparum, Horn of Africa, 2019

Tadesse, Fitsum G.; Ashine, Temesgen; Teka, Hiwot; Esayas, Endashaw; Messenger, Louisa A.; Chali, Wakweya; Meerstein-Kessel, Lisette; Walker, Thomas; Behaksra, Sinknesh Wolde; Lanke, Kjerstin; Heutink, Roel; Jeffries, Claire L.; Mekonnen, Daniel Abebe; Hailemeskel, Elifaged; Tebeje, Surafel K; Tafesse, Temesgen; Gashaw, Abrham; Tsegaye, Tizita; Emiru, Tadele; Simon, Kigozi; Bogale, Eyuel Asemahegn; Yohannes, Gedeon; Kedir, Soriya; Shumie, Girma; Sabir, Senya Asfer; Mumba, Peter; Dengela, Dereje; Kolaczinski, Jan; Wilson, Anne L.; Churcher, Thomas S; Chibsa, Sheleme; Murphy, Matthew; Balkew, Meshesha; Irish, Seth R.; Drakeley, Chris; Gadisa, Endalamaw; Bousema, Teun

doi:10.3201/eid2702.200019

Cited by 100 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…In a previous study, An. stephensi collected in 2020 in Ethiopia were reared in the laboratory to determine vectorial capacity [ 8 ]. The findings suggested that Ethiopian An.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…stephensi is efficient enough that even low levels of human feeding result in sporozoite rates similar to wild-caught An. arabiensis [ 8 , 18 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While similar increases have not been yet reported in Ethiopia, recent work has shown that An. stephensi is a competent vector of Plasmodium vivax [ 8 ]. While Anopheles arabiensis remains the primary vector and Anopheles pharoensis , Anopheles funestus and Anopheles nili as secondary vectors of malaria in Ethiopia, the threat of the spread of An.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An update on the distribution, bionomics, and insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi in Ethiopia, 2018–2020

Balkew¹,

Mumba²,

Yohannes³

et al. 2021

Malar J

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Background Anopheles stephensi, an invasive malaria vector, was first detected in Africa nearly 10 years ago. After the initial finding in Djibouti, it has subsequently been found in Ethiopia, Sudan and Somalia. To better inform policies and vector control decisions, it is important to understand the distribution, bionomics, insecticide susceptibility, and transmission potential of An. stephensi. These aspects were studied as part of routine entomological monitoring in Ethiopia between 2018 and 2020. Methods Adult mosquitoes were collected using human landing collections, pyrethrum spray catches, CDC light traps, animal-baited tent traps, resting boxes, and manual aspiration from animal shelters. Larvae were collected using hand-held dippers. The source of blood in blood-fed mosquitoes and the presence of sporozoites was assessed through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Insecticide susceptibility was assessed for pyrethroids, organophosphates and carbamates. Results Adult An. stephensi were collected with aspiration, black resting boxes, and animal-baited traps collecting the highest numbers of mosquitoes. Although sampling efforts were geographically widespread, An. stephensi larvae were collected in urban and rural sites in eastern Ethiopia, but An. stephensi larvae were not found in western Ethiopian sites. Blood-meal analysis revealed a high proportion of blood meals that were taken from goats, and only a small proportion from humans. Plasmodium vivax was detected in wild-collected An. stephensi. High levels of insecticide resistance were detected to pyrethroids, carbamates and organophosphates. Pre-exposure to piperonyl butoxide increased susceptibility to pyrethroids. Larvae were found to be susceptible to temephos. Conclusions Understanding the bionomics, insecticide susceptibility and distribution of An. stephensi will improve the quality of a national response in Ethiopia and provide additional information on populations of this invasive species in Africa. Further work is needed to understand the role that An. stephensi will have in Plasmodium transmission and malaria case incidence. While additional data are being collected, national programmes can use the available data to formulate and operationalize national strategies against the threat of An. stephensi.

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“…In a previous study, An. stephensi collected in 2020 in Ethiopia were reared in the laboratory to determine vectorial capacity [ 8 ]. The findings suggested that Ethiopian An.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…stephensi is efficient enough that even low levels of human feeding result in sporozoite rates similar to wild-caught An. arabiensis [ 8 , 18 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An update on the distribution, bionomics, and insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi in Ethiopia, 2018–2020

Balkew¹,

Mumba²,

Yohannes³

et al. 2021

Malar J

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“…Because of the high infectivity rate of An. stephensi to human-Plasmodium species [2][3][4] and its invasive nature, this malaria vector has now become a global health concern.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of the invasive nature of An. stephensi , coupled with the high infectivity rate to human- Plasmodium species [2-4], this malaria vector has now gained global health attention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intragenomic sequence variations in the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) ribosomal DNA of the malaria vectorAnopheles stephensi

Mishra

Sharma

Das

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Second Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS2) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence is a widely used molecular marker for the species-identification or -delimitation due to observed concerted evolution which is believed to homogenize rDNA copies in an interbreeding population. However, intra-specific differences in ITS2 of Anopheles stephensi have been reported. This study reports the presence of intragenomic variation in the ITS2 region of An. stephensi and hypothesized that observed intra-specific differences in this species may have been resulted due to ambiguous DNA-chromatogram resulting from intragenomic heterogeneity. Anopheles stephensi collected from different parts of India were sequenced for complete ITS2 and the variable region of 28S rDNA (d1-d3 domains). Intragenomic variations at fixed loci were found in ITS2 of all An. stephensi sequenced, but no such variation was observed in d1 to d3 domains of 28S rDNA. Cloning and sequencing of ITS2 through the d3 domain of the 28S region of rDNA from representative samples from northern, central and southern India confirmed the presence of intragenomic variation in ITS2. The variations are due to three transitions and two bp indel in a di-nucleotide microsatellite locus at fixed loci. Multiple haplotypes were observed in ITS2 raised from such variations. Due to the absence of detectable intragenomic sequence variation in the d1 to d3 domain of 28S rDNA of An. stephensi, this region can serve as an ideal reference sequence for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies. The presence of intragenomic variation in rDNA should be carefully examined before using this as a molecular marker for species delimitation or phylogenetic analyses.

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Temperature impacts the environmental suitability for malaria transmission by Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi

Villena

Ryan

Murdock

et al. 2022

Ecology

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Extrinsic environmental factors influence the spatiotemporal dynamics of many organisms, including insects that transmit the pathogens responsible for vector-borne diseases (VBDs). Temperature is an especially important constraint on the fitness of a wide variety of ectothermic insects. A mechanistic understanding of how temperature impacts traits of ectotherms, and thus the distribution of ectotherms and vector-borne infections, is key to predicting the consequences of climate change on transmission of VBDs like malaria. However, the response of transmission to temperature and other drivers is complex, as thermal traits of ectotherms are typically nonlinear, and they interact to determine transmission constraints. In this study, we assess and compare the effect of temperature on the transmission of two malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, by two malaria vector species, Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi. We model the nonlinear responses of temperature dependent mosquito and parasite traits (mosquito development rate, bite rate, fecundity, proportion of eggs surviving to adulthood, vector competence, mortality rate, and parasite development rate) and

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Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes as Vectors of Plasmodiumvivax and falciparum, Horn of Africa, 2019

Cited by 100 publications

References 12 publications

An update on the distribution, bionomics, and insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi in Ethiopia, 2018–2020

An update on the distribution, bionomics, and insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi in Ethiopia, 2018–2020

Intragenomic sequence variations in the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) ribosomal DNA of the malaria vectorAnopheles stephensi

Temperature impacts the environmental suitability for malaria transmission by Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi

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