<i>Anopheles hackeri</i>
            , a Vector of
            <i>Plasmodium knowlesi</i>
            in Malaya

Wharton, R. H.; Eyles, Don E.

doi:10.1126/science.134.3474.279

Cited by 69 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Adults were found resting during the day on the base of Nipa palms and close to houses but apparently they do not bite humans and domestic animals (Reid et al 1952;Wharton & Eyles 1961;Wharton et al 1964;. They were also collected using monkey traps on the ground and on a platform 4.5 m above ground (Reid et al 1952).…”

Section: Anopheles (Cellia) Hackerimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They were also collected using monkey traps on the ground and on a platform 4.5 m above ground (Reid et al 1952). They fed predominantly on monkeys (Reid & Weitz 1961) and prefer to feed in the canopy of mangrove forests (Wharton & Eyles 1961;Wharton et al 1964). Adults were also caught on human-baited net trap at ground level (Wharton & Eyles 1961).…”

Section: Anopheles (Cellia) Hackerimentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Revision of the Leucosphyrus group of Anopheles (Cellia) (Diptera, Culicidae)

Sallum¹,

Peyton²,

Harrison³

et al. 2005

Rev. Bras. entomol.

101

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Section: Anopheles (Cellia) Hackerimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Anopheles (Cellia) Hackerimentioning

confidence: 99%

Revision of the Leucosphyrus group of Anopheles (Cellia) (Diptera, Culicidae)

Sallum¹,

Peyton²,

Harrison³

et al. 2005

Rev. Bras. entomol.

101

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“…1). The first vector found in nature to be infected with P. knowlesi was A. hackeri, a predominantly zoophilic mosquito, in Selangor State, Peninsular Malaysia, in 1961 (79). Experimental studies in the United States undertaken in the 1960s with the H strain of P. knowlesi (isolated from the American surveyor) showed that among the anophelines tested for the presence of sporozoites in the salivary glands and their capability of transmitting P. knowlesi to rhesus macaques, A. balabacensis was the most competent vector, followed by A. stephensi, A. maculatus, and A. freeborni (80,81).…”

Section: Vectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Infections and Detection of Plasmodium knowlesi

2013

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SUMMARY Plasmodium knowlesi is a malaria parasite that is found in nature in long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques. Naturally acquired human infections were thought to be extremely rare until a large focus of human infections was reported in 2004 in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Human infections have since been described throughout Southeast Asia, and P. knowlesi is now recognized as the fifth species of Plasmodium causing malaria in humans. The molecular, entomological, and epidemiological data indicate that human infections with P. knowlesi are not newly emergent and that knowlesi malaria is primarily a zoonosis. Human infections were undiagnosed until molecular detection methods that could distinguish P. knowlesi from the morphologically similar human malaria parasite P. malariae became available. P. knowlesi infections cause a spectrum of disease and are potentially fatal, but if detected early enough, infections in humans are readily treatable. In this review on knowlesi malaria, we describe the early studies on P. knowlesi and focus on the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical aspects, and treatment of knowlesi malaria. We also discuss the gaps in our knowledge and the challenges that lie ahead in studying the epidemiology and pathogenesis of knowlesi malaria and in the prevention and control of this zoonotic infection.

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“…Anopheles hackeri se identificó como el vector más importante de P. knowlesi (37), A. balabacencis introlatus, como el vector de P. cynomolgi (38), y A. leucosphyrus como el de P. inui (39), plasmodios causantes de malaria en simios. Sin embargo, se ha observado que A. hackeri es poco atraído por los humanos (34,37), mientras que A. b. introlatus y A. leucosphyrus tienen gran afinidad por los simios y humanos (39), y se ha establecido que esta última especie actúa como vector de P. knowlesi para ambos huéspedes, por lo que podría estar implicada en su transmisión a humanos. Otro candidato a vector de malaria como zoonosis, es Anopheles b. balabacensis, reconocido transmisor de malaria humana y de P. cynomolgi y P. inui (40).…”

Section: Huéspedes Y Vectores Naturalesunclassified

Natural Plasmodium knowlesi malaria infections in humans

2012

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El primer caso informado de transmisión natural de Plasmodium knowlesi en humanos se publicó en 1965. En el sureste de Asia la presentación atípica de casos de malaria, tanto por cambios en la distribución de las especies diagnosticadas de Plasmodium, como por su morfología, motivó diversos estudios que han confirmado la infección en humanos por este plasmodio que infecta naturalmente distintas especies de simios, que son endémicos de las selvas de esta región. Los estudios recientes sugieren que la malaria por P. knowlesi no es una enfermedad emergente en humanos sino que no estaba siendo diagnosticada, debido a la similitud morfológica de este plasmodio con P. malariae y P. falciparum, lo cual dificulta su reconocimiento mediante examen microscópico. Actualmente, se puede confirmar el diagnóstico mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa que permite identificar cebadores específicos de P. knowlesi. La malaria por P. knowlesi ha ocasionado desenlaces fatales en humanos, lo que plantea diversos retos como la búsqueda de métodos operativos de diagnóstico para las zonas endémicas, el estudio de los vectores involucrados y la eficacia terapéutica de los medicamentos para su tratamiento. En las regiones selváticas de Suramérica se hace imperativa la vigilancia de parásitos y vectores de la malaria en simios, que potencialmente puedan ocasionar esta zoonosis. Palabras clave: malaria/epidemiología, Plasmodium knowlesi, infección, humanos Natural Plasmodium knowlesi malaria infections in humansThe first reported case of natural transmission of Plasmodium knowlesi to humans was published in 1965. In Southeast Asia, the atypical presentation of malaria cases, the changes in the distribution of the Plasmodium species diagnosed and their atypical morphology prompted several studies that confirmed natural infections in humans by this protozoon which naturally infects different species of apes which are endemic in the forests of this region. Recent studies suggest that P. knowlesi malaria is not an emerging disease in humans but was rather being misdiagnosed due to its morphological similarity with P. malariae and P. falciparum, hampering its correct diagnosis by microscopic examination. Currently, the diagnosis can be confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using P. knowlesi specific primers. Malaria by P. knowlesi has lead to fatal outcomes in humans and poses several challenges such as the development of useful diagnostic tools for endemic areas, the study of the vectors involved and the therapeutic efficacy of the drugs for its treatment. In the jungle regions of South America it is imperative to monitor the parasites of simian malaria and the vectors that have the potential to transmit this zoonosis.

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Anopheles hackeri , a Vector of Plasmodium knowlesi in Malaya

Cited by 69 publications

References 3 publications

Revision of the Leucosphyrus group of Anopheles (Cellia) (Diptera, Culicidae)

Revision of the Leucosphyrus group of Anopheles (Cellia) (Diptera, Culicidae)

Human Infections and Detection of Plasmodium knowlesi

Natural Plasmodium knowlesi malaria infections in humans

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