<i>Alcohol acyl transferase 1</i> links two distinct volatile pathways that produce esters and phenylpropenes in apple fruit

Yauk, Yar‐Khing; Souleyre, Edwige J. F.; Matich, Adam J.; Chen, Xiuyin; Wang, Mindy; Plunkett, Blue; Dare, Andrew P.; Espley, Richard V.; Tomes, Sumathi; Chagné, David; Atkinson, Ross G.

doi:10.1111/tpj.13564

Cited by 34 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(93 reference statements)

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“…Indeed, their precursors are coniferyl and coumaryl alcohols, intermediates in lignin biosynthesis (Atkinson, 2018). The first committed step is the conversion of both alcohols to hydroxycinnamyl acetates, which are then reduced by phenylpropene reductases to produce volatiles such as eugenol, chavicol, and estragole, conferring aromatic spicy notes to the fruit (Araguez et al, 2013; Yauk et al, 2017). Other phenylalanine-derived volatiles, including methyl benzoate, benzyl acetate, and cinnamyl acetate, are synthesized from a lateral branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway, using PAL product cinnamic acid as precursor (Gonda et al, 2018).…”

Section: Secondary Metabolites In Fruitmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Central to Specialized Metabolism: An Overview of Some Secondary Compounds Derived From the Primary Metabolism for Their Role in Conferring Nutritional and Organoleptic Characteristics to Fruit

2019

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Fruit flavor and nutritional characteristics are key quality traits and ones of the main factors influencing consumer preference. Central carbon metabolism, also known as primary metabolism, contributes to the synthesis of intermediate compounds that act as precursors for plant secondary metabolism. Specific and specialized metabolic pathways that evolved from primary metabolism play a key role in the plant’s interaction with its environment. In particular, secondary metabolites present in the fruit serve to increase its attractiveness to seed dispersers and to protect it against biotic and abiotic stresses. As a consequence, several important organoleptic characteristics, such as aroma, color, and fruit nutritional value, rely upon secondary metabolite content. Phenolic and terpenoid compounds are large and diverse classes of secondary metabolites that contribute to fruit quality and have their origin in primary metabolic pathways, while the delicate aroma of ripe fruits is formed by a unique combination of hundreds of volatiles that are derived from primary metabolites. In this review, we show that the manipulation of primary metabolism is a powerful tool to engineer quality traits in fruits, such as the phenolic, terpenoid, and volatile content. The enzymatic reactions responsible for the accumulation of primary precursors are bottlenecks in the transfer of metabolic flux from central to specialized metabolism and should be taken into account to increase the yield of the final products of the biosynthetic pathways. In addition, understanding the connection and regulation of the carbon flow between primary and secondary metabolism is a key factor for the development of fruit cultivars with enhanced organoleptic and nutritional traits.

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Section: Secondary Metabolites In Fruitmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Central to Specialized Metabolism: An Overview of Some Secondary Compounds Derived From the Primary Metabolism for Their Role in Conferring Nutritional and Organoleptic Characteristics to Fruit

2019

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“…Due to the importance of lignin in the economy, as well as of methyleugenol in food and cosmetic industry, the elucidation of this metabolic pathway has drawn more attention. Very recently, coniferyl alcohol acyl transferase (CAAT) has been cloned and characterized in apple fruit [27]. Furthermore, eugenol synthase genes (EGS) have also been reported in some species such as Rose, Ocimum, and Gymnadenia [28,29,30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Transcriptomics Analysis for Gene Mining and Identification of a Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase Involved in Methyleugenol Biosynthesis from Asarum sieboldii Miq.

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2018

Molecules

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Asarum sieboldii Miq., one of the three original plants of TCM ASARI RADIX ET RHIZOMA, is a perennial herb distributed in central and eastern China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan. Methyleugenol has been considered as the most important constituent of Asarum volatile oil, meanwhile asarinin is also employed as the quality control standard of ASARI RADIX ET RHIZOMA in Chinese Pharmacopeia. They both have shown wide range of biological activities. However, little was known about genes involved in biosynthesis pathways of either methyleugenol or asarinin in Asarum plants. In the present study, we performed de novo transcriptome analysis of plant tissues (e.g., roots, rhizomes, and leaves) at different developmental stages. The sequence assembly resulted in 311,597 transcripts from these plant materials, among which 925 transcripts participated in ‘secondary metabolism’ with particularly up to 20.22% of them falling into phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway. The corresponding enzymes belong to seven families potentially encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase (C4H), p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H), caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), and eugenol synthase (EGS). Moreover, 5 unigenes of DIR (dirigent protein) and 11 unigenes of CYP719A (719A subfamily of cytochrome P450 oxygenases) were speculated to be involved in asarinin pathway. Of the 15 candidate CADs, four unigenes that possessed high FPKM (fragments per transcript kilobase per million fragments mapped) value in roots were cloned and characterized. Only the recombinant AsCAD5 protein efficiently converted p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl aldehydes to their corresponding alcohols, which are key intermediates employed not only in biosynthesis of lignin but also in that of methyleugenol and asarinin. qRT-PCR revealed that AsCAD5 had a high expression level in roots at three developmental stages. Our study will provide insight into the potential application of molecular breeding and metabolic engineering for improving the quality of TCM ASARI RADIX ET RHIZOMA.

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“…The genetics of terpene production in apple fruit were investigated in a well‐characterised ‘Royal Gala’ (RG) × ‘Granny Smith’ (GS) population used previously for mapping volatile compounds (Chagné et al ., ; Souleyre et al ., ; Yauk et al ., , ). Headspace volatile terpene data were collected from cold‐treated fruit from 137 RG × GS progeny over two seasons, as described previously (Rowan et al ., ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Genetic control of α‐farnesene production in apple fruit and its role in fungal pathogenesis

et al. 2019

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Terpenes are important compounds in plant trophic interactions. A meta-analysis of GC-MS data from a diverse range of apple (Malus 3 domestica) genotypes revealed that apple fruit produces a range of terpene volatiles, with the predominant terpene being the acyclic branched sesquiterpene (E,E)-a-farnesene. Four quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for a-farnesene production in ripe fruit were identified in a segregating 'Royal Gala' (RG) 3 'Granny Smith' (GS) population with one major QTL on linkage group 10 co-locating with the MdAFS1 (a-farnesene synthase-1) gene. Three of the four QTLs were derived from the GS parent, which was consistent with GC-MS analysis of headspace and solvent-extracted terpenes showing that cold-treated GS apples produced higher levels of (E,E)-a-farnesene than RG. Transgenic RG fruit downregulated for MdAFS1 expression produced significantly lower levels of (E,E)-a-farnesene. To evaluate the role of (E,E)-a-farnesene in fungal pathogenesis, MdAFS1 RNA interference transgenic fruit and RG controls were inoculated with three important apple post-harvest pathogens [Colletotrichum acutatum, Penicillium expansum and Neofabraea alba (synonym Phlyctema vagabunda)]. From results obtained over four seasons, we demonstrate that reduced (E,E)-a-farnesene is associated with decreased disease initiation rates of all three pathogens. In each case, the infection rate was significantly reduced 7 days post-inoculation, although the size of successful lesions was comparable with infections on control fruit. These results indicate that (E,E)-a-farnesene production is likely to be an important factor involved in fungal pathogenesis in apple fruit.

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Alcohol acyl transferase 1 links two distinct volatile pathways that produce esters and phenylpropenes in apple fruit

Cited by 34 publications

References 60 publications

From Central to Specialized Metabolism: An Overview of Some Secondary Compounds Derived From the Primary Metabolism for Their Role in Conferring Nutritional and Organoleptic Characteristics to Fruit

From Central to Specialized Metabolism: An Overview of Some Secondary Compounds Derived From the Primary Metabolism for Their Role in Conferring Nutritional and Organoleptic Characteristics to Fruit

Comparative Transcriptomics Analysis for Gene Mining and Identification of a Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase Involved in Methyleugenol Biosynthesis from Asarum sieboldii Miq.

Genetic control of α‐farnesene production in apple fruit and its role in fungal pathogenesis

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