<i>Aeromonas salmonicida</i> infects Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) erythrocytes

Valderrama, Katherinne; Soto‐Dávila, Manuel; Segovia, Cristopher; Vásquez, Ignacio; Dang, My; Santander, Javier

doi:10.1111/jfd.13077

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…A similar phenomenon was observed by Drangsholt et al (2011) for Furunculosis, another important disease in Atlantic salmon 38 . This disease is caused by Aeromonas salmonicida, a facultative intracellular bacteria that, similar to P. salmonis, has the ability to infect and replicate in host cells in order to bypass the host defense mechanisms 39,40 . Thus, similar to Drangsholt et al, our results indicate that not all resistant fish selected in an environment without vaccination will be resistant following vaccination 38 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host genetic variation explains reduced protection of commercial vaccines against Piscirickettsia salmonis in Atlantic salmon

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Veloso

Espin

et al. 2020

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Vaccination is a widely used control strategy to prevent Piscirickettsia salmonis causing disease in salmon farming. However, it is not known why all the currently available commercial vaccines generally fail to protect against this pathogenic bacteria. Here, we report, from two different populations, that between-family variation is a strong intrinsic factor that determines vaccine protection for this disease. While in some full-sib families, the protection added by vaccination increased the survival time in 13 days in comparison with their unvaccinated siblings; in other families, there was no added protection by vaccination or even it was slightly negative. Resistance to P. salmonis, measured as days to death, was higher in vaccinated than unvaccinated fish, but only a moderate positive genetic correlation was obtained between these traits. This disputes a previous hypothesis, that stated that both traits were fully controlled by the same genes, and challenges the use of unvaccinated fish as gold standard for evaluating and selecting fish resistant to P. salmonis, particularly if the offspring will be vaccinated. More studies are necessary to evaluate if variation in the host immune response to vaccination could explain the between-family differences in resistance observed in vaccinated fish.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host genetic variation explains reduced protection of commercial vaccines against Piscirickettsia salmonis in Atlantic salmon

Figueroa

Veloso

Espin

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…V. anguillarum bacterin was labeled with 5-([4,6-dichlorotriazinyl] amino) fluorescein hydrochloride (DTAF; Sigma) according to previously described protocols [ 40 ] with minor modifications. First, V. anguillarum bacterin (~1 × 10 10 CFU mL −1 ) was centrifuged at 4200× g for 10 min and then resuspended in 950 µL of bicarbonate buffer (0.1 M, pH 9).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Immunization of Larvae and Juvenile of Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) against Vibrio anguillarum Does Not Influence Systemic Immunity

et al. 2021

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Vibrio anguillarum, a marine bacterial pathogen that causes vibriosis, is a recurrent pathogen of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus). Lumpfish is utilized as a cleaner fish in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture in the North Atlantic region because of its ability to visualize and prey on the ectoparasite sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) on the skin of Atlantic salmon, and its performance in cold environments. Lumpfish immunity is critical for optimal performance and sea lice removal. Oral vaccine delivery at a young age is the desired method for fish immunization because is easy to use, reduces fish stress during immunization, and can be applied on a large scale while the fish are at a young age. However, the efficacy of orally delivered inactivated vaccines is controversial. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of a V. anguillarum bacterin orally delivered to cultured lumpfish and contrasted it to an intraperitoneal (i.p.) boost delivery. We bio-encapsulated V. anguillarum bacterin in Artemia salina live-feed and orally immunized lumpfish larvae. Vaccine intake and immune response were evaluated by microscopy and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis, respectively. qPCR analyses showed that the oral immunization of lumpfish larvae resulted in a subtle stimulation of canonical immune transcripts such as il8b, il10, igha, ighmc, ighb, ccl19, ccl20, cd8a, cd74, ifng, and lgp2. Nine months after oral immunization, one group was orally boosted, and a second group was both orally and i.p. boosted. Two months after boost immunization, lumpfish were challenged with V. anguillarum (7.8 × 105 CFU dose−1). Orally boosted fish showed a relative percentage of survival (RPS) of 2%. In contrast, the oral and i.p. boosted group showed a RPS of 75.5% (p < 0.0001). V. anguillarum bacterin that had been orally delivered was not effective in lumpfish, which is in contrast to the i.p. delivered bacterin that protected the lumpfish against vibriosis. This suggests that orally administered V. anguillarum bacterin did not reach the deep lymphoid tissues, either in the larvae or juvenile fish, therefore oral immunization was not effective. Oral vaccines that are capable of crossing the epithelium and reach deep lymphoid tissues are required to confer an effective protection to lumpfish against V. anguillarum

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“…Molecular studies have showed higher expression of pro-inflammatory genes, such as TLR5M, TLR5S, GATA3, IFN-γ, IL-17D, as well as the pleiotropic cytokine gene IL-10 in infected Atlantic salmon [33]. Interestingly, recent findings have showed an intraerythrocytic phase of A. salmonicida during the infection [34]. Overall, the importance of Atlantic salmon iron homeostasis regulation is well reported during these pathogens' infection [15,17,35,36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Chimeric Protein IPath® with Chelating Activity Improves Atlantic Salmon’s Immunity against Infectious Diseases

et al. 2021

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Infection processes displayed by pathogens require the acquisition of essential inorganic nutrients and trace elements from the host to survive and proliferate. Without a doubt, iron is a crucial trace metal for all living organisms and also a pivotal component in the host–parasite interactions. In particular, the host reduces the iron available to face the infectious disease, increasing iron transport proteins’ expression and activating the heme synthesis and degradation pathways. Moreover, recent findings have suggested that iron metabolism modulation in fish promotes the immune response by reducing cellular iron toxicity. We hypothesized that recombinant proteins related to iron metabolism could modulate the fish’s immune system through iron metabolism and iron-responsive genes. Here a chimeric iron transport protein (IPath®) was bioinformatically designed and then expressed in a recombinant bacterial system. The IPath® protein showed a significant chelating activity under in vitro conditions and biological activity. Taking this evidence, a vaccine candidate based on IPath® was evaluated in Atlantic salmon challenged with three different fish pathogens. Experimental trials were conducted using two fish groups: one immunized with IPath® and another injected with adjutant as the control group. After 400 accumulated thermal units (ATUs), two different infection trials were performed. In the first one, fish were infected with the bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida, and in a second trial, fish were exposed to the ectoparasite Caligus rogercresseyi and subsequently infected with the intracellular bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis. Fish immunized with IPath® showed a significant delay in the mortality curve in response to A. salmonicida and P. salmonis infections. However, no significant differences between infected and control fish groups were observed at the end of the experiment. Notably, sea lice burden reduction was observed in vaccinated Atlantic salmon. Transcriptional analysis evidenced a high modulation of iron-homeostasis-related genes in fish vaccinated with IPath® compared to the control group during the infection. Moreover, increasing expression of Atlantic salmon IgT was associated with IPath® immunization. This study provides evidence that the IPath® protein could be used as an antigen or booster in commercial fish vaccines, improving the immune response against relevant pathogens for salmon aquaculture.

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Aeromonas salmonicida infects Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) erythrocytes

Cited by 22 publications

References 28 publications

Host genetic variation explains reduced protection of commercial vaccines against Piscirickettsia salmonis in Atlantic salmon

Host genetic variation explains reduced protection of commercial vaccines against Piscirickettsia salmonis in Atlantic salmon

Oral Immunization of Larvae and Juvenile of Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) against Vibrio anguillarum Does Not Influence Systemic Immunity

Chimeric Protein IPath® with Chelating Activity Improves Atlantic Salmon’s Immunity against Infectious Diseases

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