“…As carbon dioxide emission increases, it causes a series of serious environmental and climate problems . Hence, hydrogen has been regarded as the ultimate solution to clean energy to solve the environmental and energy crises in the 21st century. , Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), as an energy conversion device, play an irreplaceable role in the process of hydrogen energy development because of their high energy conversion efficiency, high energy density, and clean and pollution-free properties. − However, to achieve this high power performance, there are some technical barriers to be overcome, such as catalyst reactivity and stability issues − and effective gas–liquid transmission , in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), especially water management of the gas diffusion layer (GDL). , The energy output process of PEMFCs is a heterogeneous catalytic reaction, and the reactants (hydrogen and oxygen) need to migrate to the surface of the catalyst through the GDL. As catalysts with high activities − successfully applied in PEMFCs, − an efficient removal of water on the surface of catalyst particles is also essential to ensure the high performance of the PEMFCs.…”