Hypoxic preconditioning induces an AT2-R/VEGFR-2(Flk-1) interaction in the neonatal brain microvasculature for neuroprotection

Hypoxic Preconditioning Differentially Affects GABAergic and Glutamatergic Neuronal Cells in the Injured Cerebellum of the Neonatal Rat

“…In agreement with previous observations, this model of neonatal brain injury caused a variable degree of damage ranging from none to severe atrophy with cavitation [49]. In our hands, pup mortality was less than 1% [48]. In addition, 6.6% of L and 1.6% of PcL animals showed brain edema or cavitation at the time of sacrifice and these animals were excluded from this study.…”

“…At postnatal day 8 (P8), L animals were anaesthetized with sevofluorane and their right common carotid artery was dissected, permanently ligated at two points with 7-0 surgical silk and subsequently cut between both ligatures [48]. After two hours recovery from the anaesthesia in the original cage with the rest of the litters and dam, pups were exposed individually to hypoxia inside a controlled atmosphere chamber that was saturated with N 2 (100%) and maintained at a temperature of 37°C by means of a water bath.…”

Thioredoxin 1 and glutaredoxin 2 contribute to maintain the phenotype and integrity of neurons following perinatal asphyxia

“…The model for common carotid artery ligation used in this study, has been previously developed and validated by Lopez-Aguilera et al [7]. Seven days of age (P7) male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with a combination of ketamine (40 mg/kg) and xylazine (4 mg/kg).…”

“…The incidence of severe PA is estimated to be about 1/1000 live births in developed countries, and 5-10/1000 live births in developing countries [5]. This clinical picture has been extensively reproduced in murine models of PA consisting of the ligation of the right common carotid artery followed by an exposure to an oxygen deprived environment at postnatal day 7 [3,[6][7][8][9][10]. The model for common carotid artery ligation used in the present study has been previously developed and validated by Lopez-Aguilera et al, 2012 [7].…”

“…This clinical picture has been extensively reproduced in murine models of PA consisting of the ligation of the right common carotid artery followed by an exposure to an oxygen deprived environment at postnatal day 7 [3,[6][7][8][9][10]. The model for common carotid artery ligation used in the present study has been previously developed and validated by Lopez-Aguilera et al, 2012 [7]. It has been extensively investigated and is generally accepted that the rat brain at the age of 7 days is histologically similar to that of a 32-34 week gestation human fetus or newborn infant, i.e., the cerebral cortical neuronal layering is complete, the germinal matrix is involuting, and white matter has undergone some myelination [11][12][13].…”