Hypovitaminosis D and cardiometabolic risk factors among non-obese youth

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Hypovitaminosis D and increased cardiometabolic risk have been well established in adults. This study aims to determine whether or not vitamin D also influences cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents. To test this hypothesis, we recruited 186 boys (mean age 12.4 ± 3.7 years) and 114 girls (11.6 ± 3.7) in a cross-sectional observational study. Anthropometrics were obtained and morning fasting blood samples were collected. Serum glucose and lipid profile were determined using routine methods. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In our population, approximately 10% of subjects had severe 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency (&lt; 12.5 nmol/L), while 50% of the boys and 40% of the girls had mild vitamin D deficiency (12.5–24.9 nmol/L). Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were inversely correlated with age, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, waist and hip circumferences and serum triglyceride concentrations, and positively associated with HDL-cholesterol. Age and systolic blood pressure were significant predictors of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, explaining about 30% of the variance (p = 0.0005). In conclusion, significant associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cardiometabolic parameters support promising cardioprotective benefits from vitamin D sufficiency at an early age. Follow-up with prospective clinical intervention studies are needed to validate this hypothesis.</jats:p>

The relation of vitamin D status with metabolic syndrome in childhood and adolescence: an update

“…Also the findings from studies that examined only obese or overweight (BMI > 95th or BMI > 85th percentile) subjects (31)(32)(33)(34) were similar and did not differ from those with non-obese subjects (35)(36)(37)(38). Neither socioeconomic status nor physical activity where examined had any effect on the above findings (23,24,26,37).…”

“…Twenty of them reported negative/positive associations with IR/IS as assessed by homeostatic model assessment of basal insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), G F , I F , quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI-IS), or whole body insulin sensitivity index (WBISI) even after adjustment for BMI, sex, and age when reported (23,24,27,28,30,31,33,34,37,39,42,(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51). One study reported that the association disappeared after adjustment for BMI and race (52); one, that it was seen only in the postpubertal age (53); and the rest did not find any such relations (25,32,35,38,41,(54)(55)(56)(57) irrespective of age, sex, or body weight. However, most findings support that IR attributed to vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency may start from early age, irrespective of sex, race/ ethnicity, total adiposity, or central obesity.…”

Vitamin D deficiency and calcium intake in reference to increased body mass index in children and adolescents

“…It was estimated that roughly a billion people worldwide has vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency [10,12,14,27]. In Saudi Arabia and other Middle East countries, vitamin D deficiency is extremely common in both children and adults [1,3,5,7,19]. There are indications for an association between vitamin D levels and obesity, and that serum level of 25 (OH) D are reduced in obese subjects in adults [8,21,34], as well as children and adolescents [4,20].…”

Correlation among Bone Health Profile, Vitamin D Status and Body Weight among Children and Adolescents in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia

“…The high prevalence rate of vitamin D deficiency among children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia and the Middle East is a significant public health concern [15][16][17][18][19]. There is evidence that the rising incidence …”