Hypothyroidism is associated with prolonged COVID-19-induced anosmia: a case–control study

Tsivgoulis, Georgios; Fragkou, Paraskevi C.; Karofylakis, Emmanouil; Paneta, Maria; Papathanasiou, K.; Palaiodimou, Lina; Psarros, Costas; Papathanasiou, Matilda; Lachanis, Stefanos; Sfikakis, Petros P.; Tsiodras, Sotirios

doi:10.1136/jnnp-2021-326587

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…11 The other previous cohort studies and case series were also limited by small sample sizes and lack of controls. 8,9,11,13,31,43,44 In the present study, a caliper width of 0.17 was used for the matched analysis. It is considered conservative and restricts the selection of controls which are indeed similar to the cases, as recommended.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hypothyroidism does not lead to worse prognosis in COVID-19: findings from the Brazilian COVID-19 registry

Pereira

Silveira

Guimarães

et al. 2021

Preprint

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BackgroundIt is not clear whether previous thyroid diseases influence the course and outcomes of COVID-19. The study aims to compare clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 patients with and without hypothyroidism.MethodsThe study is a part of a multicentric cohort of patients with confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis, including data collected from 37 hospitals. Matching for age, sex, number of comorbidities and hospital was performed to select the patients without hypothyroidism for the paired analysis.ResultsFrom 7,762 COVID-19 patients, 526 had previously diagnosed hypothyroidism (50%) and 526 were selected as matched controls. The median age was 70 (interquartile range 59.0-80.0) years-old and 68.3% were females. The prevalence of underlying comorbidities were similar between groups, except for coronary and chronic kidney diseases, that had a higher prevalence in the hypothyroidism group (9.7% vs. 5.7%, p=0.015 and 9.9% vs. 4.8%, p=0.001, respectively). At hospital presentation, patients with hypothyroidism had a lower frequency of respiratory rate > 24 breaths per minute (36.1% vs 42.0%; p=0.050) and need of mechanical ventilation (4.0% vs 7.4%; p=0.016). D-dimer levels were slightly lower in hypothyroid patients (2.3 times higher than the reference value vs 2.9 times higher; p=0.037). In-hospital management was similar between groups, but hospital length-of-stay (8 vs 9 days; p=0.029) and mechanical ventilation requirement (25.4% vs. 33.1%; p=0.006) were lower for patients with hypothyroidism. There was a trend of lower in-hospital mortality in patients with hypothyroidism (22.1% vs. 27.0%; p=0.062).ConclusionIn this large Brazilian COVID-19 Registry, patients with hypothyroidism had a lower requirement of mechanical ventilation, and showed a trend of lower in-hospital mortality. Therefore, hypothyroidism does not seem to be associated with a worse prognosis, and should not be considered among the comorbidities that indicate a risk factor for COVID-19 severity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, a case series has observed an independent association between hypothyroidism and a higher likelihood of persistent olfactory dysfunction among patients with COVID-19 (OR: 21.1; 95%[:CI: 2.0 to 219.4). 31 Further studies are needed to investigate whether hypothyroidism is indeed associated with a higher risk of persistent symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypothyroidism does not lead to worse prognosis in COVID-19: findings from the Brazilian COVID-19 registry

Pereira

Silveira

Guimarães

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…A study on 3,261 Twins UK volunteers reported 19% heritability of OD ( 66 ). Tobacco smoking, asthma, allergic rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, muscle/joint pain, and hypothyroidism are also potential risk factors for OD ( 22 , 67 – 69 ). However, large-scale clinical data are lacking, which hampers the drawing of conclusions from studies.…”

Section: Clinical Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Review

Wei

et al. 2022

Front. Neurol.

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is wreaking havoc on public-health and economic systems worldwide. Among the several neurological symptoms of patients with COVID-19 reported in clinical practice, olfactory dysfunction (OD) is the most common. OD occurs as the earliest or the only clinical manifestation in some patients. Increasing research attention has focused on OD, which is listed as one of the main diagnostic symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 infection. Multiple clinical and basic-science studies on COVID-19-induced OD are underway to clarify the underlying mechanism of action. In this review, we summarize the clinical characteristics, mechanisms, evaluation methods, prognosis, and treatment options of COVID-19-induced OD. In this way, we hope to improve the understanding of COVID-19-induced OD to aid early identification and precise intervention.

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“…61 Furthermore, a recent case-control study found a significant correlation between hypothyroidism and prolonged SARS-CoV-2-induced anosmia and suggested that the smell dysfunction is likely due to the direct virusinduced damage on both the thyroid and olfactory nerve. 62 Moreover, this no olfactory function or slow recovery is likely because of viral-induced thyroid damage resulting in depletion of thyroid hormones may impair the regeneration and maturation of olfactory neural cells at least in a subset of cases with thyroid dysfunction. These primary observations warrant prospective studies in the future to precisely evaluate the incidence and predictors of long-COVID and the role of thyroid function and autoimmunity.…”

Section: Long-covid: Thyroid Gland and Autoimmunitymentioning

confidence: 99%