Hypothyroidism and its effect on serum vitamin D and iron among adult female: A review from Middle East perspective

Abstract

Hypothyroidism is a pathophysiological phase in which insufficient hormones are produced leading to an imbalance in basal metabolic rate and inefficiency physiological role of body systems. Vitamin D affects thyrocytes by decreasing TSH stimulated iodide uptake and cellular development. In hypothyroidism, hypovitaminosis D are due to malabsorption from the intestine and the other mechanism is inactivation of vitamin D. Thyroid hormones induce erythropoietin gene expression causing increase secretion of erythropoietin. Iron deficiency decreases activity of thyroid peroxidase enzyme. Hypothyroidism can cause microcytic anemia due to malabsorption of iron and menorrhagia. Hypothyroidism is a common but under-recognized and under-diagnosed condition in the Persian Gulf countries. Moreover, the effect of hypothyroidism on vitamin D and iron levels were inadequately evaluated. This is important to identify bi-deficiency so that, doctors can treat them earlier and can reduce the deficiency-related complications. There are plenty scopes for study on bi-deficiencies status of hypothyroid population.

Serum Copper, Iron, and Total Iron Binding Capacity in Hypothyroidism: A Case Control Study

“…11,19,20 Following, a review study indicated that thyroid hormones activate erythropoietin gene expression, leading to an increase in erythropoietin secretion and reduced thyroid peroxidase enzyme activity an iron dependent crucial enzyme involved in thyroid hormone production. 21 Menorrhagia and microcytic anaemia can result from hypothyroidism due to iron malabsorption. 2 Thus, iron is an important factor that should be taken in account while treating hypothyroid individuals and also measuring the iron profile in hypothyroid individuals may be beneficial, as iron shortage may be the underlying reason.…”

Effects of vitamin D supplementation on metabolic parameters, serum irisin and obesity values in women with subclinical hypothyroidism: a double-blind randomized controlled trial

“…Thyroid diseases are one of the most common endocrine disorders in the world ( 1 ), affecting approximately 40% of the world’s population ( 2 ). Thyroid hormones, including triiodothyronine (T 3 ) and thyroxine (T 4 ), have prominent effects on human metabolism, growth, and development.…”

“…There are numerous thyroid disorders. Hypothyroidism is a pathophysiological phase with insufficient hormone production, resulting in an imbalance in basal metabolic rate and inefficient physiological roles of the body systems ( 1 ). Hypothyroidism might be clinical/overt, with an elevation in the thyroid-stimulating-hormone (TSH) and low levels of free T 4 (fT 4 ), or subclinical, with normal levels of fT 4 and elevated serum TSH ( 5 ).…”