Hypothesis: Gonadal Hormones Act as Confounders in Epidemiological Studies of the Associations between Some Behavioural Risk Factors and Some Pathological Conditions

James, William H.

doi:10.1006/jtbi.2000.2249

Cited by 20 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…41,43 On the other hand, it is possible that the smoking habit acts as a potential confounder in cross-sectional studies on T, because smoking, as a part of risky behaviour, is initiated more often in sensational seekers, which are characterized by higher androgen levels. [44][45][46] Cigarette smoking is indeed a socially accepted addictive disorder 47 often present in sensational seekers. 48 This study confirms that cigarette smokers display health risk behaviour; in fact, CS reported a greater abuse of recreational substances, as cannabis and alcohol, than the rest of the sample, even after adjustment for age (Table 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[42][43][44][45][46] Cross-sectional surveys, such as this one, do not allow any conclusion on the direction of causal relationships. However, it is notable that PS show LH, testosterone and testicular volume similar to those of never smokers, suggesting that cigarette smoking stimulates HPT axis activity, and that the effect is lost with smoking cessation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychobiological correlates of smoking in patients with erectile dysfunction

et al. 2005

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Although it is clear that cigarette abuse is closely linked to sexual dysfunction, it is still unclear which are the psychobiological correlates of smoking among individuals with sexual dysfunction. The aim of the present study is the assessment of the organic, psychogenic and relational correlates of erectile dysfunction (ED) in outpatients with different smoking habits. We studied the psychobiological correlates of smoking behaviour in a consecutive series of 1150 male patients, seeking medical care for ED. All patients were investigated using a Structured Interview (SIEDY r ), which explores the organic, relational and intra-psychic components of ED, and a self-administered questionnaire for general psychopathology (MHQ). In addition, several biochemical and instrumental parameters were studied, to clarify the biological components underlying ED. Current smokers (CS) showed a higher activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-testis axis (higher LH, testosterone and right testicular volume) and lower levels of both prolactin and TSH. Hormonal changes were reverted after smoking cessation. CS showed a higher degree of somatized anxiety and were more often unsatisfied of their occupational and domestic lifestyle. Smoking, as part of a risky behaviour, was significantly associated with abuse of alcohol and cannabis. Both CS and past smokers (PS) showed an impairment of subjective and objective (dynamic peak systolic velocity at penile duplex ultrasound) erectile parameters. This might be due to a direct atherogenic effect of smoking, a cigarette-induced alteration of lipid profile (higher triglyceride and lower HDL cholesterol in CS than in non-smokers or PS), or due to a higher use of medications potentially interfering with sexual function. This is the first comprehensive evaluation of the biological and intrapsychic correlates to the smoking habit. Our report demonstrates that smoking has a strong negative impact on male sexual life, even if it is associated at an apparently more sexual-favourable hormonal milieu.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychobiological correlates of smoking in patients with erectile dysfunction

et al. 2005

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“…And the effect seems dose-related (Fukuda et al, 2002). I have suggested that assessment of the endocrine effects of smoking is complicated by an apparent confounding by gonadal hormones between voluntary risky behavior and many pathologies which are associated with (or caused by) high or low levels of those hormones (James, 2001d). In the present case, I suggest that at the time of initiation, smoking is a marker for high levels of gonadal hormones (e.g.…”

Section: Article In Pressmentioning

confidence: 93%

Possible constraints on adaptive variation in sex ratio at birth in humans and other primates

James

2006

Journal of Theoretical Biology

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“…The actual hormonal status considerably interferes with ethylalcohol metabolism (James, 2001). Such interference is known in the stress axis hormones (Lopez-Huertas et al, 2000), in melatonine, which probably asserts its antioxidant effect (Genc et al, 1998) and especially in sex-hormones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%