Hypothesis for a systems connectivity model of autism spectrum disorder pathogenesis: Links to gut bacteria, oxidative stress, and intestinal permeability

Heberling, Colin; Dhurjati, Prasad; Sasser, Myron

doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2012.11.044

Cited by 71 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…1,[11][12][13][14] This dysbiosis is characterized by alterations in the Firmicutes/ Bacteroides ratio and the composition of the primary bacterial phyla (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria and Verrucomicrobia). We recently demonstrated that the Firmicutes level is lowest in the fecal samples of children with AD and no significant differences are present between HC and children with PDD-NOS.…”

Section: Dysbiosis In Asdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autism spectrum disorders and intestinal microbiota

et al. 2015

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Section: Dysbiosis In Asdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autism spectrum disorders and intestinal microbiota

et al. 2015

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“…3 Anaerobic bacteria account for the production of acetic and propionic acid, in addition to short-chain fatty acids, particularly butyric acid, which supplies energy to the intestinal epithelial cells and consequently strengthens the immune system. The principal bacteria producing short-chain fatty acids are Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium, which induce the production of antiinflammatory cytokines, unlike Clostridium, which stimulates the proinflammatory cytokines.…”

Section: The Opioid Excess Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…20 In the intestinal microbiota of individuals with ASD, the amount of bifidobacteria is reduced and there is abnormal growth of Clostridium species. 3 Finegold et al 20 identified Desulfovibrio as the prevalent organism in the intestinal flora of these individuals and found that it modifies the bacterial ecosystem, reducing the presence of important species such as Bifidobacterium longum and B. pseudolongum, which produce hydrogen sulfate, a gas that is toxic to humans. 3 …”

Section: The Opioid Excess Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many autistic individuals suffer from gastrointestinal problems 3 such as abnormalities of the bowel mucosa, dysfunctions associated with selective permeability, and significant differences in composition of the gut microbiota. 4 Individuals with ASD also exhibit an imbalance in immune response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Individuals with ASD also exhibit an imbalance in immune response. 3 Since the gastrointestinal tract has direct connections with the immune system, alterations in the gastrointestinal tract may generate alterations in the immune system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Opioid peptides and gastrointestinal symptoms in autism spectrum disorders

Lázaro

Pondé

Rodrigues

2016

Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.

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Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are characterized by deficits in the individual's ability to socialize, communicate, and use the imagination, in addition to stereotyped behaviors. These disorders have a heterogenous phenotype, both in relation to symptoms and regarding severity. Organic problems related to the gastrointestinal tract are often associated with ASD, including dysbiosis, inflammatory bowel disease, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, celiac disease, indigestion, malabsorption, food intolerance, and food allergies, leading to vitamin deficiencies and malnutrition. In an attempt to explain the pathophysiology involved in autism, a theory founded on opioid excess has been the focus of various investigations, since it partially explains the symptomatology of the disorder. Another hypothesis has been put forward whereby the probable triggers of ASDs would be related to the presence of bacteria in the bowel, oxidative stress, and intestinal permeability. The present update reviews these hypotheses.

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A systematic review of gut‐immune‐brain mechanisms in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Azhari

Azizan

Esposito

2018

Developmental Psychobiology

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Despite decades of research, the etiological origins of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) remain elusive. Recently, the mechanisms of ASD have encompassed emerging theories involving the gastrointestinal, immune, and nervous systems. While each of these perspectives presents its own set of supporting evidence, the field requires an integration of these modular concepts and an overarching view of how these subsystems intersect. In this systematic review, we have synthesized relevant evidences from the existing literature, evaluating them in an interdependent manner and in doing so, outlining their possible connections. Specifically, we first discussed gastrointestinal and immuno‐inflammation pathways in‐depth, exploring the relationships between microbial composition, bacterial metabolites, gut mucosa, and immune system constituents. Accounting for temporal differences in the mechanisms involved in neurodevelopment, prenatal and postnatal phases were further elucidated, where the former focused on maternal immune activation (MIA) and fetal development, while the latter addressed the role of immune dysregulation in contributing to atypical neurodevelopment. As autism remains, foremost, a neurodevelopmental disorder, this review presents an integration of disparate modules into a “Gut‐Immune‐Brain” paradigm. Existing gaps in the literature have been highlighted, and possible avenues for future research with an integrated physiological perspective underlying ASD have also been suggested.

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Hypothesis for a systems connectivity model of autism spectrum disorder pathogenesis: Links to gut bacteria, oxidative stress, and intestinal permeability

Cited by 71 publications

References 36 publications

Autism spectrum disorders and intestinal microbiota

Autism spectrum disorders and intestinal microbiota

Opioid peptides and gastrointestinal symptoms in autism spectrum disorders

A systematic review of gut‐immune‐brain mechanisms in Autism Spectrum Disorder

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