Hypothermic Effect of Acute Citral Treatment during LPS-induced Systemic Inflammation in Obese Mice: Reduction of Serum TNF-α and Leptin Levels

Abstract

Citral is a mixture of monoterpenes present in the essential oil of several plants, such as Cymbopogon citratus and Zingiber officinale, possessing anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcerogenic, and antipyretic actions. We investigated the action of citral on body temperature (Tb) and inflammatory signaling in eutrophic and obese mice during Systemic Inflammation (SI) induced by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Thus, we assessed the effect of citral (25, 100, and 300 mg/kg) and ibuprofen in LPS-induced SI in Swiss male mice fed a standard diet (SD) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. Following SI induction, we measured Tb and collected the serum, hypothalamus, and gastric mucosa for biochemical measurements. Acute treatment with citral decreased the Tb of both SD and HFD-fed animals. Citral (300 mg/kg) treatment caused a significantly lower Tb variation in HFD-fed animals than in those fed the SD. Citral reduced peripheral levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in SD and HFD mice and decreased serum leptin concentration in HFD mice 90 min after the LPS challenge. Furthermore, citral also reduced interleukin (IL)-6 levels in the hypothalamus of obese mice. In summary, citral effectively reduced Tb during SI by reducing inflammatory mediators with a distinct action profile in HFD mice when compared with SD.

Evaluation of the Influence of Adalimumab on the Expression Profile of Leptin-Related Genes and Proteins in Keratinocytes Treated with Lipopolysaccharide A

“…In their work, Emilio-Silvia et al show that a mixture of terpenes in the form of citral lowers the concentration of leptin and IL-6, TNF-α in the serum of mice, where a systemic inflammatory response was induced by LPS [ 41 ]. These results confirm the fact that the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, whose final products are TNF-α and IL-6, is a key signaling cascade activated by the interactions between leptin and its receptors [ 19 , 46 ].…”

Anti‐inflammatory properties of an aldehydes‐enriched fraction of grapefruit essential oil

“…Results from different animal models suggest citral to be used as a supporting anti‐inflammatory agent reporting its potentially promising, safe, and innovative use (Campos et al., 2019; Oliveira et al., 2021; Shi et al., 2020), including EOs that have citral as their main component (Han & Parker, 2017; Martins et al., 2017). Citral inhibited overexpression of several pro‐inflammatory genes including TNF‐α and IL‐6 tested in our study too (Campos et al., 2019; Charret et al., 2021; Emilio‐Silva et al., 2020; Shi et al., 2020). In addition to such suppression of inflammatory factors, a decrease in expression of proteins associated with inflammatory signaling pathways has been observed in vitro suggesting the potential of citral to prevent inflammation (Guo et al., 2022).…”

Cinnamon and Eucalyptus Oils Suppress the Inflammation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide In Vivo

“…It can also inhibit Mn-SOD, activate the activity of iNOS, and promote the release of NO by immune leukocytes. iNOS is responsible for the production of NO, and once induced by LPS, the TLR-4 inflammatory pathway is activated, which increases the production of inflammatory mediators, such as NO [ 58 ]. Gonçalves et al [ 59 ] have recently reported the anti-inflammatory and antihyperalgesic activities of citral through the modulation of TLR-4, TLR-2/dectin-1 ligands, and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) in mice induced by LPS.…”