Hypothalamus, hypertension, and exercise

Kramer, Jeffery M.; Plowey, Edward D.; Beatty, Joseph A.; Little, Hugh R; Waldrop, Tony G.

doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(00)00311-7

Cited by 62 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Lastly, cranial radiotherapy may damage hypothalamic structures involved in exercise regulation, thus decreasing exercise capacity. In animal studies, the caudal hypothalamus has been shown to be a potential site for the integration of pathways essential for regulating the cardiorespiratory drive during exercise (43).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Inactivity in Adult Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study

Florin

Fryer

Miyoshi

et al. 2007

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

190

160

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Inactivity in Adult Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study

Florin

Fryer

Miyoshi

et al. 2007

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

190

160

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“…82 . Since both lower sympathetic nervous activity and lower catecholamine levels have been linked to elevated blood pressure, 66 lowering their activity has the potential to lower blood pressure. Exercise had been shown to increase insulin sensitivity.…”

Section: Endocrine Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome in Youth: A Review

McMurray

Andersen

2009

American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine

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This file was dowloaded from the institutional repository Brage NIH -brage.bibsys.no/nih McMurray, R. G., Andersen, L. B. (2010). The influence of exercise on metabolic syndrome in youth : a review. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 4(2), 176-186.Dette er siste tekst-versjon av artikkelen, og den kan inneholde ubetydelige forskjeller fra forlagets pdf-versjon. Forlagets pdf-versjon finner du på sagepub.com: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559827609351234This is the final text version of the article, and it may contain insignificant differences from the journal's pdf version. used growth curve modeling to develop age and sex-specific criteria for MetS in youth based on the accepted criteria for adults. This approach is logical because the risk factors have a propensity to track from childhood through adulthood and the adult risk factor cut-points are clearly associated with the development of cardiovascular disease. 13 The most biologically meaningful approach may be to select the children where risk factors were not independently distributed, as done by Andersen et al. in 2003. 14 Another approach used in publication from the European Youth Heart Study (EYHS) is to develop an age and sex-specific metabolic risk score based on z-scores for each of the MetS characteristics. 15--17 The authors argue that since there is no accepted definition of MetS in children, the z-score provide a continuous score which may be more appropriate for investigating associations. Dichotomization of each variable causes reduction in the information and therefore the diagnostic value. One system used a standardized score developed as a sum each of seven criteria (insulin, glucose, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, skinfolds, diastolic and systolic blood pressure). The standardized score used the subjects value minus sample mean, divided by standard deviation to produce a continuous overall MetS risk score. 17 The lower the standard score the more favorable the overall profile. However, this score has the problem because it lacks a cut-point above which to identify MetS. An identifying cut-point was found through another analysis where upper quartile in each risk factor was defined to be at risk, and the number of risk factors was then summed in each child. By using this approach the authors were able to calculate when risk factors were not independently distributed. An independent distribution of the risk factors would follow a binominal distribution, and the authors calculated for each number of risk factors if there were more children than expected from the binominal distribution. This approach selected between 10-15% of the children to have clustered risk, and the cut point in the continuous z-score could now be defined. 19 Since this approach was studyspecific comparisons with other studies could be difficult. However, data were available from three different countries, and it turned out that almost the same z-score defined clustered risk in the different populations, which may indicate that cut points may not be population ...

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“…Exercise has been shown to improve autonomic control, metabolism and immune function [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Moreover, evidence is accumulating favouring the application of exercise as an effective co-treatment for anxious and depressed patients, in addition to drug and behavioural therapy [7,8,9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Voluntary Exercise Impacts on the Rat Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis Mainly at the Adrenal Level

Droste

Chandramohan²,

Hill³

et al. 2007

Neuroendocrinology

132

143

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Introduction: Evidence is accumulating that the regular performance of exercise is beneficial for stress coping. However, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis of voluntarily exercising rats has never been comprehensively investigated. Methods: Therefore, male Sprague-Dawley rats were given access to a running wheel in their home cage for 4 weeks in which they ran 4–7 km per night. Results: After 4 weeks, the exercising animals showed significantly less body weight gain, less abdominal fat tissue, decreased thymus weight, and increased adrenal weight (relative to body weight). Furthermore, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA levels were selectively increased in the right adrenal me- dulla indicating an increase in sympathoadrenomedullary capacity in exercising rats. No changes were observed in paraventricular corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin mRNA levels. Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) mRNA levels in hippocampus and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA levels in frontal cortex, parvocellular paraventricular nucleus and anterior pituitary were unchanged, whereas GR mRNA levels were increased in distinct hippocampal cell layers. Early morning baseline levels of plasma ACTH and corticosterone were similar in both groups. Interestingly, the response to different stressful stimuli (e.g. forced swimming, novelty) revealed that the exercising rats showed stressor-specific changes in HPA hormone responses. Forced swimming evoked a markedly enhanced response in corticosterone levels in the exercising rats. In contrast, if rats were exposed to a novel environment, exercising rats showed a much lower response in corticosterone than the control animals. However, the response in ACTH to either stressor was comparable between groups. Thus, in exercising rats physically demanding stressors evoke enhanced glucocorticoid responses whereas mild psychologically stressful stimuli such as novelty result in an attenuated glucocorticoid response. Interestingly, this attenuated hormone response corresponded with the observation that the exercising rats showed less anxious behaviour in the novelty situation. Conclusions: The differential responses in plasma corticosterone levels to different types of stress in the face of comparable responses in ACTH levels underscore the existence of critical regulatory control mechanisms at the level of the adrenal gland. We have hypothesized that changes in the sympathoadrenomedullary input may play an important role in these distinct glucocorticoid responses to stress. Our previous studies have shown similar changes in voluntarily exercising mice. Therefore, we conclude that the effects of exercise on the organism are not species-specific. Thus, our observations may have translational implications for the human situation.

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Hypothalamus, hypertension, and exercise

Cited by 62 publications

References 55 publications

Physical Inactivity in Adult Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study

Physical Inactivity in Adult Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study

The Influence of Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome in Youth: A Review

Voluntary Exercise Impacts on the Rat Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis Mainly at the Adrenal Level

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