Hypothalamic regulation of circadian noradrenergic input to the chick pineal gland

Cassone, V. M.; Forsyth, AngelaM.; Woodlee, GayLynn

doi:10.1007/bf00188110

Cited by 56 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…A HUMORAL output is thought to affect local HYPOTHALAMIC function90,110, and a neural output through SCN afferents affects CNS and peripheral sites to which they project. Among the neural output pathways is the regulation of autonomic SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM activity 111 , which can affect a broad range of peripheral physiological functions, including regulation of the pineal gland itself 112 . So, coordination of avian circadian outputs through the pacemakers in the pineal gland and SCN might affect many physiological outputs.…”

Section: The Circadian Clock In Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian rhythms from multiple oscillators: lessons from diverse organisms

et al. 2005

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The organization of biological activities into daily cycles is universal in organisms as diverse as cyanobacteria, fungi, algae, plants, flies, birds and man. Comparisons of circadian clocks in unicellular and multicellular organisms using molecular genetics and genomics have provided new insights into the mechanisms and complexity of clock systems. Whereas unicellular organisms require stand-alone clocks that can generate 24-hour rhythms for diverse processes, organisms with differentiated tissues can partition clock function to generate and coordinate different rhythms. In both cases, the temporal coordination of a multi-oscillator system is essential for producing robust circadian rhythms of gene expression and biological activity.The temporal coordination of internal biological processes, both among these processes and with external environmental cycles, is crucial to the health and survival of diverse organisms, from bacteria to humans. Central to this coordination is an internal CLOCK that controls CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS of gene expression and the resulting biological activity (BOX 1). Despite disparate phylogenetic origins and vast differences in complexity among the species that show circadian rhythmicity, at the core of all circadian clocks is at least one internal autonomous circadian OSCILLATOR. These oscillators contain positive and negative elements that form autoregulatory feedback loops, and in many cases these loops are used to generate 24-hour timing circuits 1, 2 . Components of these loops can directly or indirectly receive environmental input to allow ENTRAINMENT of the clock to environmental time and transfer temporal information through output Competing interests statementThe authors declare no competing financial interests. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptNat Rev Genet. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 September 1. Published in final edited form as:Nat Rev Genet. 2005 July ; 6(7): 544-556. doi:10.1038/nrg1633. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript pathways to regulate rhythmic clock-controlled gene (CCG) expression and rhythmic biological activity.Whereas a self-contained clock in single-celled organisms programmes 24-hour rhythms in diverse processes, multicellular organisms with differentiated tissues can partition clock function among different cell types to coordinate tissue-specific rhythms and maintain precision. Now that individual molecular circadian oscillators have been sufficiently described, it has become possible to go beyond single oscillators to try and understand how multiple oscillators are integrated into circadian systems. Evidence accumulated in recent years indicates that the intracellular oscillator systems of single-celled organisms might be more complex than those of higher eukaryotes, whereas the complexity of circadian outputs in multicellular organisms is an emergent property of intercellular interactions. In this review, we discuss the complexity of the circadian clocks on the basis of molecular genetic and geno...

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Section: The Circadian Clock In Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian rhythms from multiple oscillators: lessons from diverse organisms

et al. 2005

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“…The interspecies differences concern both the ability of pineal cells in vitro to entrain their secretory activity to rapid changes in light conditions and the persistence of the endogenous oscillator activity in a continuous darkness. It has been demonstrated that also norepinephrine (NE) plays an important role in the regulation of MLT secretion in chicken and turkey pinealocytes (Cassone et al 1990, Prusik 2005, Zawilska et al 2005, Prusik and Lewczuk 2008b. It is generally accepted that NE in birds, like in mammals, is the final neurotransmitter in the multisynaptic pathway connecting the retina and the hypothalamus with the pineal organ.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of melatonin secretion in the pineal organ of the domestic duck – an in vitro study

Prusik¹,

Lewczuk²,

Ziółkowska³

et al. 2015

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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The aim of study was to determine the mechanisms regulating melatonin secretion in the pineal organs of 1-day-old and 9-month-old domestic ducks. The pineals were cultured in a superfusion system under different light conditions. Additionally, some explants were treated with norepinephrine.The pineal glands of 1-day-old ducks released melatonin in a well-entrained, regular rhythm during incubation under a 12 hrs light : 12 hrs dark cycle and adjusted their secretory activity to a reversed 12 hrs dark : 12 hrs light cycle within 2 days. In contrast, the diurnal changes in melatonin secretion from the pineals of 9-month-old ducks were largely irregular and the adaptation to a reversed cycle lasted 3 days. The pineal organs of nestling and adult ducks incubated in a continuous light or darkness secreted melatonin in a circadian rhythm. The treatment with norepinephrine during photophases of a light-dark cycle resulted in: 1) a precise adjustment of melatonin secretion rhythm to the presence of this catecholamine in the culture medium, 2) a very high amplitude of the rhythm, 3) a rapid adaptation of the pineal secretory activity to a reversed light-dark cycle. The effects of norepinephrine were similar in the pineal organs of nestlings and adults.In conclusion, melatonin secretion in the duck pineal organ is controlled by three main mechanisms: the direct photoreception, the endogenous generator and the noradrenergic transmission. The efficiency of intra-pineal, photosensitivity-based regulatory mechanism is markedly lower in adult than in nestling individuals.

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“…one is located in the visual suprachiasmatic nuclei and influences pineal melatonin production through sympathetic innervation [11,12]; another one is located in the pineal gland itself [8,16]. In vivo experiments have suggested the presence of yet another circadian oscillator in the chicken retina that would control local melatonin production [43]; however, in vitro experiments confirming this point are still needed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melatonin synthesis pathway: circadian regulation of the genes encoding the key enzymes in the chicken pineal gland and retina

Bernard¹,

Guerlotté²,

Grève³

et al. 1999

Reprod. Nutr. Dev.

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-The mRNAs encoding three enzymes of the melatonin synthesis pathway (tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT)) are expressed with a day/night rhythm in the chicken pineal gland and retina. TPH and AANAT mRNA levels reach their peak at night. HIOMT mRNA levels peak at night in the retina, but during the day in the pineal gland. In this tissue, the rhythm of TPH, AANAT and HIOMT mRNA levels persisted in constant darkness (DD), both in vivo and in vitro, indicating that the three genes are controlled by the circadian oscillator of the chicken pineal. In the retina, the rhythms of TPH and AANAT mRNA levels also persisted in DD in vivo, suggesting that they are driven by a circadian oscillator. In contrast, the rhythm of HIOMT mRNA in the retina appeared to be controlled only by light. The clones of chicken AANAT and HIOMT genes that we have isolated should help us to understand the molecular mechanisms of: 1) their transcriptional regulation by circadian oscillators and by light; 2) their tissue-specific expression in the pineal gland and the retina. © Inra/ Elsevier,

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Hypothalamic regulation of circadian noradrenergic input to the chick pineal gland

Cited by 56 publications

References 49 publications

Circadian rhythms from multiple oscillators: lessons from diverse organisms

Circadian rhythms from multiple oscillators: lessons from diverse organisms

Regulation of melatonin secretion in the pineal organ of the domestic duck – an in vitro study

Melatonin synthesis pathway: circadian regulation of the genes encoding the key enzymes in the chicken pineal gland and retina

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