Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis Function in Women With a Menstrually Related Mood Disorder

Bunevičius, Adomas; Leserman, Jane; Girdler, Susan S.

doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31826c3397

Cited by 23 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…5 Additional evidence suggests that abuse history may contribute to dysfunction of the hypothalamuspituitary-thyroid axis in women with PMDD. 40 Furthermore, a common polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), which appears more common in women with PMDD than controls, may contribute to more severe consequences of early life abuse in women with an underlying genetic vulnerability to PMS/PMDD. 41 Early life abuse may also contribute to dysregulation of immune function leading to chronic inflammation, as suggested by laboratory experiments in humans and in animal studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Life Emotional, Physical, and Sexual Abuse and the Development of Premenstrual Syndrome: A Longitudinal Study

Bertone‐Johnson

Whitcomb

Missmer

et al. 2014

Journal of Women's Health

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Background: Previous studies have suggested that violence victimization is prevalent among women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS). However, it is unclear whether early life abuse contributes directly to PMS or whether associations are explained by the high prevalence of PMS risk factors including smoking and obesity among women reporting childhood abuse. Methods: We have assessed the relation of early life abuse and the incidence of moderate-to-severe PMS in a study nested within the prospective Nurses' Health Study 2. Participants were aged 27-44 years and free from PMS at baseline, including 1,018 cases developing PMS over 14 years and 2,277 comparison women experiencing minimal menstrual symptoms. History of early life emotional, physical, and sexual abuse was selfreported in 2001. Results: After adjustment for obesity, smoking, and other factors, emotional abuse was strongly related to PMS ( p Trend < 0.0001); women reporting the highest level of emotional abuse had 2.6 times the risk of PMS as those reporting no emotional abuse (95% confidence interval, 1.7-3.9). Women reporting severe childhood physical abuse had an odds ratio of 2.1 (95% confidence interval, 1.5-2.9; p Trend < 0.001) compared with those reporting no physical abuse. Sexual abuse was less strongly associated with risk. Adjustment for childhood social support minimally affected findings. Conclusions: Findings from this large prospective study suggest that early life emotional and physical abuse increase the risk of PMS in the middle-to-late reproductive years. The persistence of associations after control for potential confounders and mediators supports the hypothesis that early life abuse is importantly related to PMS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Life Emotional, Physical, and Sexual Abuse and the Development of Premenstrual Syndrome: A Longitudinal Study

Bertone‐Johnson

Whitcomb

Missmer

et al. 2014

Journal of Women's Health

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“…This diagnostic study was intended to serve as a feeder study for other research studies comparing women with a MRMD diagnosis to non-MRMD controls for differences in neuroendocrine and other physiological functions. 19,26 Women were recruited via newspaper, radio or posted advertisements targeting women with severe premenstrual symptoms (MRMD women) or without premenstrual symptoms (non-MRMD women). Advertisements specifically targeting non-MRMD women with abuse histories were necessary to ensure roughly equivalent percentages of CSA in the two diagnostic groups.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association of Migraine with Menstrually Related Mood Disorders and Childhood Sexual Abuse

Bunevičius

Rubinow

Calhoun

et al. 2013

Journal of Women's Health

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Background: Both female reproductive hormones and childhood sexual abuse (CSA) are implicated in migraine and in menstrually related mood disorders (MRMD). We examined the association of migraine, including migraine with aura (MA), and history of MRMD or CSA. Methods: A total of 174 women (mean age 33.9 -7.6 years) in this cross-sectional study were evaluated for (1) current MRMD using prospective daily ratings; (2) history of CSA using structured interview; and (3) MA and migraine without aura using the International Classification of Headaches Disorders II criteria. Results: Ninety-six women met MRMD criteria (21 of whom had history of CSA) and 78 women were non-MRMD controls (16 with CSA histories). Migraine with aura was more prevalent in women with MRMD when compared to non-MRMD controls (11/88 and 0/86, respectively, p = 0.001). In MRMD women only, a CSA history was associated with higher MA rates (6/21 and 5/67, respectively, p = 0.019). A combination of current MRMD diagnosis and a history CSA was associated with increased risk for MA, even after adjusting for potential confounders (odds ratio = 12.08, 95% confidence interval 2.98-48.90, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Women with MRMD may be vulnerable to the development of MA, and a history of CSA in women with a MRMD appears to increase that vulnerability. MRMDs and MA should be included among other poor mental and physical health outcomes of an abuse history. Routine screening for abuse histories would potentially improve identification of women with increased risk of experiencing abuse-related disorders.

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“…Resnick et al (1995) showed similar findings and Girdler et al (2007) found that all women who had suffered abuse showed changes in their biological stress-responsive systems, whether they were diagnosed with PMDD or among the non-PMDD controls. Another study found that a history of sexual abuse was associated with elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations, regardless of PMS or PMDD (Bunevicius, Leserman, and Girdler 2012). Given the number of studies that report a significant association between a history of physical and sexual abuse and PMS (Koci and Strickland 2007) or PMDD (Paddison et al 1990;Golding and Taylor 1996;Golding et al 2000;Girdler et al 2003), such findings should be taken seriously.…”

Section: Correlation Does Not Equal Causationmentioning

confidence: 95%

Is Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Really a Disorder?

Browne

2014

Bioethical Inquiry

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Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) was recently moved to a full category in the DSM-5 (the latest edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). It also appears set for inclusion as a separate disorder in the ICD-11 (the upcoming edition of the World Health Organization's International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems). This paper argues that PMDD should not be listed in the DSM or the ICD at all, adding to the call to recognise PMDD as a socially constructed disorder. I first present the argument that PMDD pathologises understandable anger/distress and that to do so is potentially dangerous. I then present evidence that PMDD is a culture-bound phenomenon, not a universal one. I also argue that even if (1) medication produces a desired effect, (2) there are biological correlates with premenstrual anger/distress, (3) such anger/distress seems to occur monthly, and (4) women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with affective disorders, none of these factors substantiates that premenstrual anger/distress is caused by a mental disorder. I argue that to assume they do is to ignore the now accepted role that one's environment and psychology play in illness development, as well as arguments concerning the social construction of mental illness. In doing so, I do not claim that there are no women who experience premenstrual distress or that their distress is not a lived experience. My point is that such distress can be recognised and considered significant without being pathologised and that it is unethical to describe premenstrual anger/distress as a mental disorder. Further, if the credibility of women's suffering is subject to doubt without a clinical diagnosis, then the way to address this problem is to change societal attitudes towards women's suffering, not to label women as mentally ill. The paper concludes with some broader implications for women and society of the change in status of PMDD in the DSM-5 as well as a sketch of critical policy suggestions to address these implications.

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Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis Function in Women With a Menstrually Related Mood Disorder

Cited by 23 publications

References 46 publications

Early Life Emotional, Physical, and Sexual Abuse and the Development of Premenstrual Syndrome: A Longitudinal Study

Early Life Emotional, Physical, and Sexual Abuse and the Development of Premenstrual Syndrome: A Longitudinal Study

The Association of Migraine with Menstrually Related Mood Disorders and Childhood Sexual Abuse

Is Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Really a Disorder?

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