Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis and Control of the Menstrual Cycle

Beshay, Victor E.; Carr, Bruce R.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6837-0_2

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…During each cycle several follicles containing an ovum undergo a maturation and selection process where ordinarily one of them is selected and released from the ovary during ovulation on or around the 14 th day of the cycle (62) . The menstrual cycle is under the influence of various hormones namely gonadotrophin releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estrogen, and progesterone (63) . During ovulation the surface of the ovary ruptures to release the ovum, following which the cells on the surface of the ovary, known as the epithelial cells, proliferate to close the breach under the influence of estrogen.…”

Section: Ovarian Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Diet, menopause and the risk of ovarian, endometrial and breast cancer

2019

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Menopause, the permanent cessation of the menstrual cycle, marks the end of a woman's reproductive lifespan. In addition to changes in sex hormone levels associated with menopause, its timing is another predictor of future health outcomes such as duration of the presence of vasomotor symptoms (VMS) and the risk of hormone-related cancers. With ageing of the population, it is estimated that worldwide 1·2 billion women will be menopausal by the year 2030. Previously the effects of reproductive factors (e.g. parity, age at menarche, pregnancy) and socio-demographic factors on intermediate and long-term health outcomes of menopause have been widely documented. However, little is known about whether diet could have an impact on these. Therefore, we review current evidence on the associations of diet with menopause, presence of VMS and the risk of hormone-related cancers such as ovarian, endometrial and breast cancer. Dietary factors could influence the lifespan of the ovaries and sex-hormones levels, hence the timing of natural menopause. Few studies reported an association between diet, in particular soya consumption, and a reduced risk of VMS. Sustained oestrogen exposure has been associated with a higher risk of hormone-related cancers and thus high-fat and meat diets have been linked with an increased risk of these cancers. However, to better understand the mechanistic pathways involved and to make stronger conclusions for these relationships, further studies investigating the associations of dietary intakes and dietary patterns with menopause, presence of VMS and the risk of hormone-related cancers are required.

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Section: Ovarian Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Diet, menopause and the risk of ovarian, endometrial and breast cancer

2019

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“…80% of Estradiol is excreted in the urine and, the remaining 20% is excreted in bile. 10 However, research conducted has different results, namely, there was a correlation between estradiol levels and body fat percentage. This result is obtained because the inspection method used is the same.…”

Section: Association Between Estradiol Levels With Percentage Of Bodymentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between carbohydrate and fat intake and estradiol levels with body fat percentage in Minangkabau ethnic premenopausal women, in Padang City West Sumatra year 2018

Natan¹,

Lestari

Arysanty

et al. 2019

Int J Res Med Sci

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Background: Excessive carbohydrate and fat intake with excess estradiol levels will cause an increase in body fat percentage, thus causing obesity in premenopausal women. Objective was to determine the association between carbohydrate intake with fat percentage, the association between fat intake with fat percentage, the association between SAFA intake with fat percentage, the association between MUFA intake with fat percentage, the association between PUFA intake with fat percentage, and the association between estradiol levels with fat percentage in Minangkabau ethnic premenopausal women in Padang City, West Sumatra.Methods: This research was carried out in Padang City. Research conducted was observational research with cross sectional research design. Subjects in this research were 52 people. Variables in body fat percentage were measured using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), carbohydrate and fat intake data were obtained by interviewing the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), and estradiol levels were examined by ELISA. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation test.Results: In premenopausal women in the city of Padang, low carbohydrate intake was found with an average of 227.25grams, high fat intake was found with an average of 77.84grams, high SAFA intake was found with an average of 27.59grams, low MUFA intake was found with an average of 9.91grams, normal PUFA intake was found with an average of 9.37grams, normal estradiol levels was found with an average of 145.95pg/ml, and more fat percentage was found with an average of 33.31.Conclusions: There was an association between carbohydrate intake with fat percentage, there was an association between fat intake with fat percentage, there was an association between SAFA intake with fat percentage, there was an association between MUFA intake with fat percentage, there was an association between PUFA intake with fat percentage, and no association between estradiol levels with of fat percentage in premenopausal women in Padang City.

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“…The release of a mature egg from the ovary is controlled by anterior hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and ovaries (the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐ovarian axis) (Gleicher, Kushnir, & Barad, 2019; Smith, 2018). During ovulation, several hormones such as gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH), FSH (follicle‐stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), estrogen, and progesterone play fundamental roles in the ovulation process (Beshay & Carr, 2017). GnRH in the hypothalamus is secreted into the portal vessels surrounding the anterior pituitary gland and cannot be detected in the human peripheral circulation (Le Tissier et al, 2017; Melmed, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GnRH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of LH and FSH (Das & Kumar, 2018). In the follicular phase or the first part of the menstrual cycle, FSH binds to receptors in the ovaries, stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles at ovulation, and enhances oestradiol and inhibin production (Beshay & Carr, 2017; Reed & Carr, 2018). In the luteal phase or second half of the menstrual cycle, LH (lutropin or lutrophin) triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum (Belanger, Tremblay, Davis, & Arnocky, 2019; Sunar, Devi, Priya, & Savitha, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mini review: The FDA‐approved prescription drugs that induce ovulation in women with ovulatory problems

Sun

Rong

Cai

et al. 2020

Drug Development Research

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Infertility is defined as not being able to become pregnant after 12 months or more of unprotected sexual intercourse. Female infertility as a serious health issue can result from ovulation disorders, menstrual cycle problems, structural problems, and environmental factors. Ovulation occurs once a month between the time of menarche and menopause. The release of a mature egg from the ovary is controlled with the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐ovarian axis. Several hormones such as gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH), FSH (follicle‐stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), estrogen, and progesterone play fundamental roles in the ovulation process. Both FSH and LH are the main treatment for women with ovulation disorders. Depending on the reasons for infertility, several different types of treatment are available for infertile women. Fertility drugs as an important part of treatment work like the natural hormones to treat infertility. Several fertility drugs can regulate ovulation and the release of an egg from the ovary in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. This mini‐review is about the FDA‐approved prescription drugs that induce ovulation in women with ovulatory problems.

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Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis and Control of the Menstrual Cycle

Cited by 19 publications

References 85 publications

Diet, menopause and the risk of ovarian, endometrial and breast cancer

Diet, menopause and the risk of ovarian, endometrial and breast cancer

Association between carbohydrate and fat intake and estradiol levels with body fat percentage in Minangkabau ethnic premenopausal women, in Padang City West Sumatra year 2018

Mini review: The FDA‐approved prescription drugs that induce ovulation in women with ovulatory problems

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