Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis in women's sport: injuries, manipulations, and aberrations

Holtzman, Bryan; Ackerman, Kathryn E.

doi:10.1016/j.coemr.2019.08.003

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Our results lend further credence to the whisker barrel circuit representing a useful somatosensory model to elucidate circuit disruption and repair that causes abnormalities in sensory processing after TBI (68), however, further pathological assessment in the whisker barrel circuit of female rats may highlight important sex differences. TBI has been reported to cause hypothalamic-pituitarygonadal (HPG) axis dysfunction and endocrinopathy that can impact the menstrual cycle in women (69)(70)(71). In these experiments, we evaluated the estrous cycle for 28 days after injury or sham surgery.…”

Section: Sensory Hypersensitivity and Estrous Cyclicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Sex-Dependent Changes in Late-Onset Sensory Hypersensitivity and Glutamate Neurotransmission

et al. 2020

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Women approximate one-third of the annual 2.8 million people in the United States who sustain traumatic brain injury (TBI). Several clinical reports support or refute that menstrual cycle-dependent fluctuations in sex hormones are associated with severity of persisting post-TBI symptoms. Previously, we reported late-onset sensory hypersensitivity to whisker stimulation that corresponded with changes in glutamate neurotransmission at 1-month following diffuse TBI in male rats. Here, we incorporated intact age-matched naturally cycling females into the experimental design while monitoring daily estrous cycle. We hypothesized that sex would not influence late-onset sensory hypersensitivity and associated in vivo amperometric extracellular recordings of glutamate neurotransmission within the behaviorally relevant thalamocortical circuit. At 28 days following midline fluid percussion injury (FPI) or sham surgery, young adult Sprague-Dawley rats were tested for hypersensitivity to whisker stimulation using the whisker nuisance task (WNT). As predicted, both male and female rats showed significantly increased sensory hypersensitivity to whisker stimulation after FPI, with females having an overall decrease in whisker nuisance scores (sex effect), but no injury and sex interaction. In males, FPI increased potassium chloride (KCl)-evoked glutamate overflow in primary somatosensory barrel cortex (S1BF) and ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus (VPM), while in females the FPI effect was discernible only within the VPM. Similar to our previous report, we found the glutamate clearance parameters were not influenced by FPI, while a sex-specific effect was evident with female rats showing a lower uptake rate constant both in S1BF and VPM and longer clearance time (in S1BF) in comparison to male rats. Fluctuations in estrous cycle were evident among brain-injured females with longer diestrus (low circulating hormone) phase of the cycle over 28 days post-TBI. Together, these findings add to growing evidence indicating both similarities and differences between sexes in a chronic response to TBI. A better understanding of the influence of gonadal hormones on behavior, Krishna et al. Sex Influences TBI-Induced Behavior and Neurotransmission neurotransmission, secondary injury and repair processes after TBI is needed both clinically and translationally, with potential impact on acute treatment, rehabilitation, and symptom management.

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Section: Sensory Hypersensitivity and Estrous Cyclicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Sex-Dependent Changes in Late-Onset Sensory Hypersensitivity and Glutamate Neurotransmission

et al. 2020

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“…The reported prevalence of menstrual dysfunction (MD) in women entering IMT varies from 4.5% to 24% (5)(6)(7)(8)(9). This wide range may be due to inconsistent definitions of MD (i.e., age of menarche >15 yr old vs <9-10 menstrual cycles in the past 12 months vs history of amenorrhea) and whether study participants included both hormonal contraceptive users and nonusers (5)(6)(7)(8)(9) because exogenous sex hormones may alter menstruation (10,11). Nevertheless, female military personnel do appear to be at high risk for experiencing MD during IMT (9,12,13), with more than 50% self-reporting menstrual cycle interruptions in the first 3 months of U.S. Military Academy (USMA) training (9).…”

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confidence: 99%

The Risk of Menstrual Dysfunction Increases for Women during U.S. Army Basic Combat Training

Bozzini¹,

Nguyen²,

Reynoso³

et al. 2023

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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The extent to which the 8-wk U.S. Army Basic Combat Training (BCT) course elicits or exacerbates menstrual dysfunction (MD) and mechanisms behind this dysfunction is not clear. Purpose To determine whether changes in menstruation develop in female trainees during BCT and whether changes in body mass, body composition and/or physical activity are associated with menstrual interruption during BCT. Methods Female trainees grouped according to self-reported menstrual status in the 12 months before BCT as having regular cycles (RC; n = 352) or MD (n = 97) completed height, body mass, and body composition assessments and questionnaires before and after BCT. Fisher’s exact test and Mann–Whitney U test were used to compare between-group differences in categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Among RC trainees, odds ratios were calculated to examine the influence of changes in body mass, lean mass, and fat mass on a trainee’s likelihood to miss a period during BCT. Results There were no differences in race, height, body mass, body mass index, or physical activity history at pre-BCT between RC and MD (P > 0.05). Overall, 86% of trainees experienced changes to menstruation during BCT. RC were more likely than MD to have at least one period during BCT (81% vs 69%, respectively, P = 0.01). Among RC, gaining more body mass and lean mass and losing less fat mass were associated with increased odds of missing a period during BCT. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that most female trainees experience menstrual changes during BCT. Menstrual cycle interruptions do not appear to align with loss of body or fat mass.

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Injuries and Associated Factors in Swedish Sporting and Utility Trial Dogs—A Cross-Sectional Study

Essner,

Kjellerstedt,

Hesbach

et al. 2024

Animals

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Canine sporting competitions, e.g., agility, obedience, rally obedience, and utility trials, e.g., protection, tracking, search, and messenger, are physically and mentally demanding disciplines. This study aimed to describe the types and frequencies of injuries experienced amongst Swedish sporting and utility trial dogs and to explore associations between discipline, breed, sex, neuter status, age, and injury history. Dog handlers provided information on competition-level dogs (n = 1582) through a cross-sectional survey. The overall proportion of dogs sustaining any injury during their lifetime, whether it was during competition, training, or outside of sport, was 58.7% (n = 928). Muscular, joint, and dermatologic injuries were most commonly reported and the most common injury locations were the thoracic, lumbar and lumbosacral spine, paw, head, shoulder, and stifle. According to multivariate analysis, Border Collie (adjusted OR 1.93), Belgian Malinois (adjusted OR 2.51) and higher age at the time of report (adjusted OR 1.81–9.67) increased the odds of injury history. Our results provide more understanding of injuries in sporting and utility dogs and contribute to injury prevention strategies that potentially enhance canine welfare.

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Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis in women's sport: injuries, manipulations, and aberrations

Cited by 3 publications

References 55 publications

Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Sex-Dependent Changes in Late-Onset Sensory Hypersensitivity and Glutamate Neurotransmission

Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Sex-Dependent Changes in Late-Onset Sensory Hypersensitivity and Glutamate Neurotransmission

The Risk of Menstrual Dysfunction Increases for Women during U.S. Army Basic Combat Training

Injuries and Associated Factors in Swedish Sporting and Utility Trial Dogs—A Cross-Sectional Study

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