Hypothalamic hormones a.k.a. hypothalamic releasing factors

Guillemin, Roger

doi:10.1677/joe.1.05883

Cited by 111 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 112 publications

(105 reference statements)

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“…It has since been found to also be produced by the endocrine pancreas and the gastrointestinal tract [58]. The presence of somatostatin receptors on the surface of most NETs makes targeting these receptors a natural therapeutic approach.…”

Section: Somatostatin Analoguesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Era for the Systemic Therapy of Neuroendocrine Tumors

Eads

2012

The Oncologist

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After completing this course, the reader will be able to:1. Describe the underlying biology of neuroendocrine tumors including pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) and carcinoids and the importance of these biologic features in the evolution of new drugs for these diseases.2. Cite the historical data regarding the use of cytotoxic agents in the treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and carcinoids.3. Explain the significance of recent clinical trials utilizing biologic agents, in particular octreotide, the small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, sunitinib and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, everolimus, and how these medications have altered the natural history of both pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and carcinoids.This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com. CME CME ABSTRACTCarcinoids and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are becoming increasingly common, with the majority of patients presenting with either lymph node involvement or metastatic disease. An improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in these tumors has implicated several pathways that have led to new therapeutic approaches. In this manuscript, we describe the biology of neuroendocrine tumors and approaches to systemic therapy. We review early data regarding the use of cytotoxics and several recent studies employing more targeted approaches that promise to change the standard of care. Specifically, phase III studies indicate that pharmacologic inhibition of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway with sunitinib, and of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway with everolimus, appears to have altered the natural history of these diseases. These successes set the stage for further advances in the management of patients with neuroendocrine tumors. The Oncologist 2012; 17:326 -338Correspondence: Neal J. Meropol, M.D.,

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Section: Somatostatin Analoguesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Era for the Systemic Therapy of Neuroendocrine Tumors

Eads

2012

The Oncologist

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“…In recent years, somatostatin (SS) and dopamine (DA) receptors have been highlighted as two critical regulators involved in the negative control of hormonal secretion in a wide group of neuroendocrine tumors (NET), including pituitary adenomas (Ben-Jonathan & Hnasko 2001, Guillemin 2005, Ferone et al 2009). Moreover, SS, DA, and their receptors represent two major systems that share a number of structural and functional characteristics (Rocheville et al 2000a, Baragli et al 2007, Srirajaskanthan et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of somatostatin and dopamine D2 receptors in endocrine tumors

Gatto¹,

Hofland²

2011

Endocrine-Related Cancer

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Somatostatin (SS) and dopamine (DA) receptors have been highlighted as two critical regulators in the negative control of hormonal secretion in a wide group of human endocrine tumors. Both families of receptors belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors and share a number of structural and functional characteristics. Because of the generally reported high expression of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) in neuroendocrine tumors (NET), somatostatin analogs (SSA) have a pronounced role in the medical therapy for this class of tumors, especially pituitary adenomas and well-differentiated gastroenteropancreatic NET (GEP NET). Moreover, NET express not only SSTR but also frequently dopamine receptors (DRs), and DA agonists targeting the D 2 receptor (D 2 ) have been demonstrated to be effective in controlling hormone secretion and cell proliferation in in vivo and in vitro studies. The treatment with SSAs combined with DA agonists has already been demonstrated efficacious in a subgroup of patients with GH-secreting pituitary adenomas and few reported cases of carcinoids. The recent availability of new selective and universal SSA and DA agonists, as well as the chimeric SS/DA compounds, may shed new light on the potential role of SSTR and D 2 as combined targets for biotherapy in NET. This review provides an overview of the latest studies evaluating the expression of SSTR and DR in NET, focusing on their co-expression and the possible clinical implications of such co-expression. Moreover, the most recent insights in SSTR and D 2 pathophysiology and the future perspectives for treatment with SSA, DA agonists, and SS/DA chimeric compounds are discussed.

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“…The evidence available at that time indicated that stimulation of the central nervous system, but not direct stimulation of the pars distalis or neural lobe, caused the release of adenohypophysial hormones. During the 1950s and 1960s, trophic substances were extracted from the brain of different species (Guillemin, 2005). These releasing factors obtained from the median eminence affected secretions of the pars distalis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Chicken GnRH-II and Lamprey GnRH-III on Gonadotropin Secretion

Vizcarra¹

2013

Gonadotropin

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Hypothalamic hormones a.k.a. hypothalamic releasing factors

Cited by 111 publications

References 112 publications

A New Era for the Systemic Therapy of Neuroendocrine Tumors

A New Era for the Systemic Therapy of Neuroendocrine Tumors

The role of somatostatin and dopamine D2 receptors in endocrine tumors

Contribution of Chicken GnRH-II and Lamprey GnRH-III on Gonadotropin Secretion

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