Hypophyseo‐adrenocortical Function in Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Earlier experiments have given conflicting information on the hypophyseo‐adrenal function in diabetic patients. Normal suppression of plasma corticosteroids with 1 mg of dexamethasone (1 mg‐DST) in stable, noninsulin‐treated diabetics has previously been reported. However, only a partial response was found during 1 mg‐DST in approximately one‐third of the juvenile, insulin‐treated diabetics, indicating a slight hypercorticism in these patients. The cause of this was presumed to be repeated small stress‐stimuli as a consequence of fluctuation in the blood sugar. The present study attempts to elucidate this supposition. In contrast to earlier investigation a normal circadian rhythm and normal baseline values of plasma corticosteroids were found in 19 insulin‐treated diabetics during “basal” conditions, but this does not exclude the presence of a slight hypercorticism in some of the patients. Plasma corticosteroids and blood sugar were determined during 96 “subjective” hypoglycaemic attacks in 73 insulin‐treated diabetics. Elevated valuse of plasma corticosteroids were found both in cases of normal and low values of blood sugar. In six insulin‐treated diabetics with hyperglycaemia and ketonuria (four without acidosis) elevated values of plasma corticosteroids were found. The results support the assumption that a fall in the blood sugar to low values and fluctuations in the blood sugar at normal or high levels can bring about increased hypophyseo‐adrenal activity, and that this might be the cause of a slight hypercorticism in some cases of juvenile, insulin‐treated diabetics. It is not known whether the presumed hypercorticism is a reversible condition or not.

Ipriflavone as a non‐steroidal glucocorticoid receptor antagonist ameliorates diabetic cognitive impairment in mice

“…As we have determined the alleviation of IP on tau hyperphosphorylation in primary neurons (Figure 1f Meanwhile, the HPA axis related-hormonal levels in serum of diabetic mice were detected by ELISA assay. As shown in Figure S8eh, no significant difference was observed in level of corticosteroids (CORT) or corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) among all groups, which was consistent with the previous reports (Asfeldt, 1972;Hackett et al, 2014). Thus, our results indicated that IP improved cognitive dysfunction in DCI mice through GR instead of HPA axis.…”

Body Weight, Metabolism, and Clock Genes

“…Finally, the study of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical activity in diabetic patients has revealed a state of hypercorticism (179,180). The origin of the increased activity of the HPA axis is not clear.…”

“…The origin of the increased activity of the HPA axis is not clear. It was suggested that fluctuations in blood sugar could be the cause (179). In addition, temporal and quantitative correlations between glucose and circadian cortisol variations were observed in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes and normal subjects submitted to fasting.…”