Hypophysenvorderlappen und Glykogenolyse

Fluch, M.; Greiner, H.; Loewi, O.

doi:10.1007/bf02023122

Cited by 14 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…This synergism is not confined to the vascular actions of noradrenaline; it has also been found for the fat-mobilising effect of adrenaline and for its glycogenolytic action. This last phenomenon is similar to that originally demonstrated by Otto Loewi [Fluch, Greiner and Loewi, 1935] in the hypophysectomized frog, and probably caused in this preparation by lack of A.C.T.H.…”

Section: Aiechanisms Responsible For Adrenal Stimulationsupporting

confidence: 90%

The Role of the Adrenal Gland in Homeostasis

Vogt

1954

Exp Physiol

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THE adrenal gland has a large share in maintaining the constancy of what Claude Bernard [1865] has called the "milieu interieur", serious disturbances of which lead to disease or death of the warm-blooded organism. One way of studying this share is to determine the conditions which call forth accelerated activity on the part of the gland, and to examine how an animal lacking adrenal hormones fares in the same conditions.Since the adrenal gland consists of two parts, cortex and medulla, this discussion will first deal with the role played by each of these parts singly, and then with the interaction of the two parts in "homeostasis" [Cannon, 1932].As an introduction, it will be necessary to recall the differences which exist between adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla in the chemical constitution and quantity of the products they secrete, the way secretion is initiated, and the actions of the liberated hormones. NATURE OF HORMONESThe adrenal medulla secretes simple aromatic amines, now considered to consist of a mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline with possibly small quantities of other related compounds. It is interesting to remember that adrenaline was the first hormone to be chemically isolated in crystalline form [Takamine, 1901], and that it came rather as a shock when, forty-eight years later, it was discovered [Goldenberg, Faber, Alston and Chargaff, 1949] that adrenal medullary extracts, supposed to contain only one well-known active principle, namely adrenaline, contained about 12-20 per cent of a second active compound, noradrenaline. We now know that in all species the medulla secretes a mixture of adrenaline and the simpler nor-compound.

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Section: Aiechanisms Responsible For Adrenal Stimulationsupporting

confidence: 90%

The Role of the Adrenal Gland in Homeostasis

Vogt

1954

Exp Physiol

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“…The possibility cannot be ignored that the mechanism underlying the spawning hyperglycaemia may be different from that at other seasons. Thus Fluch, Greiner & Loewi [1934] found that an increased sugar production by the perfused livers of frogs in February was not abolished by previous hypophysectomy. Kepinov [1946,1947] showed that temperature was an important factor in controlling glycogenolysis in the intact frog, but previous hypophysectomy resulted in inhibition of glycogenolysis at all temperatures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

The Relation Between Seasonal Hyperglycaemia and Thyroid Activity in the Frog (Rana Temporaria)

Smith¹

1954

Journal of Endocrinology

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The mean blood-sugar level of frogs killed in the field without previous excitement showed no significant variation between April and October inclusive (38\m=+-\1\m=.\42mg/100 ml.). The resting blood-sugar level at other times of the year, after 2-3 days in captivity, was slightly lower.A marked hyperglycaemic response to excitement could be elicited in the majority of frogs at the spawning season (March) and throughout the summer, while it was only found in April and early May in a few frogs which showed early development of the gonadial fat-bodies. The response was much reduced in September and absent in October.The seasonal occurrence of the hyperglycaemic response paralleled the known cycle of thyroid activity, and a significant correlation was found between the blood-sugar level and thyroid condition in individual excited frogs. A significant response to excitement has been induced in spring, summer and autumn by previous treatment with thyroxine. It is suggested that the thyroid hormone inhibits the destruction of circulating adrenergic compounds.The role of temperature in limiting the hyperglycaemic response is discussed.In an earlier paper [Smith, 1950] attention was drawn to a seasonal variation in the blood-sugar level of frogs (Rana temporaria) which had been in captivity and unfed for 72 hr. In the course of subsequent work, it became apparent that at some seasons the frog showed a marked hyperglycaemic response to handling and shaminjection. This made a re-investigation of seasonal resting blood-sugar levels desirable. At the same time the response to excitement was studied, and in several experiments thyroxine was given in an attempt to induce hyperglycaemia in unresponsive animals. MATERIAL AND METHODSThe majority of the frogs used for the seasonal work were collected in the Wirral Peninsula. In the early months of the year it was not possible to find frogs locally, and they were obtained from a dealer in Staffordshire. These animals were received on the day following their capture and were at once put in a large glass-sided slate tank at approximately atmospheric temperature. Such frogs were not used until they had been in their new surroundings for 24 hr. The frogs used for the experimental induction of hyperglycaemia were all obtained from the dealer and were kept under similar conditions, except that in some cases they were at room temperature (17-20°C), and not at atmospheric temperature (9-11°C). The frogs were not fed while in captivity. Excited and unexcited frogs Frogs which have been termed ' unexcited ' were either freshly caught, or, in the case of already captive animals, were removed from the tank with minimal disturbance and killed immediately. Blood samples from freshly caught, unexcited frogs were

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Seasonal changes in energy reserves in the common frog, Rana pipiens

Mizell

1965

J. Cell. Comp. Physiol.

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Seasonal changes in blood glucose content, liver glycogen content, and fat body weight have been studied in Rana pipiens. Over a 12-month period frogs were maintained at room temperature in tap water for a minimum of 14 days before observations were made. The frogs were not fed while in the laboratory. Blood glucose content was high in the summer (June through August) and fall (September through November) and low in the winter (December through February) and spring (March through May). The value for summer (60 mgm per 100 cm3 blood) was not significantly different from the blood glucose level in the fall (60 mgm % ). However, the blood glucose content in the winter (52 mgm % ) and the spring (49 mgm % ) were significantly different from each other and from the summer and fall. Liver glycogen content was high in the fall (1.16 gm/100 gm body weight). This decreased through the winter (0.85 gm/100 gm body weight) and spring (0.50 gm/100gm body weight) until the annual low was reached in the summer (0.27 gm/100 gm body weight). All seasons were significantly different from each other when tested statistically. Fat body weights also exhibited a seasonal variation. All seasons were significantly different from each other. The high was in the summer (203.3 mgm/100 gm body weight). Fat body weights then decreased to 87.1 mgm/100 gm body weight in the fall, 32.7 mgm/100 gm body weight in the winter, and 25.1 mgm/100 gm body weight in the spring. These data are important when studying metabolic changes in this common laboratory animal.

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Hypophysenvorderlappen und Glykogenolyse

Cited by 14 publications

References 6 publications

The Role of the Adrenal Gland in Homeostasis

The Role of the Adrenal Gland in Homeostasis

The Relation Between Seasonal Hyperglycaemia and Thyroid Activity in the Frog (Rana Temporaria)

Seasonal changes in energy reserves in the common frog, Rana pipiens

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