Hypoperfusion of the deep capillary plexus associated with acute on chronic cocaine use

Carroll, William J; Maganti, Nenita; Gill, Manjot K.

doi:10.1016/j.ajoc.2020.100684

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Cocaine is well-known for its effects on the cardiovascular system, such as vasoconstriction, endothelial vessel dysfunction, and hypertension, which may lead to a prothrombotic state [ 6 ]. In addition, some authors have pointed out the retinal effects of cocaine abuse on the hypoperfusion of the deep capillary plexus [ 7 ] and the bilateral enlargement of the foveal avascular zone [ 8 ]. Moreover, the local adverse effects of cocaine include ischaemic optic neuropathy, central retinal artery, and vein occlusions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cocaine Abuse as an Immunological Trigger in a Case Diagnosed with Eales Disease

et al. 2023

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Background: Eales disease is a clinical syndrome affecting the mid-peripheral retina with an idiopathic occlusive vasculitis and possible subsequent retinal neovascularization. The disease can develop into visually threatening complications. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 40-year-old Caucasian male with a history of cocaine abuse who presented with blurred vision in the left eye (LE). Fundus examination showed vitreous hemorrhages, peripheral sheathing of venous blood vessels, areas of retinal neovascularization in the LE, and peripheral occlusive phlebitis in the right eye. The full serologic panel was negative except for the heterozygous mutation of factor V Leiden. Clinical and biochemical parameters suggested a diagnosis of Eales disease. Therapy with dexamethasone, 1 mg per kg per day, tapered down slowly over 4 months, and peripheral laser photocoagulation allowed a regression of clinical signs and symptoms. Conclusion: This case shows an uncommon presentation of Eales disease associated with cocaine abuse. Both cocaine abuse and a thrombophilic pattern, as cofactors, might have sensitized the retinal microcirculation on the pathogenetic route to this retinal pathology. Furthermore, in view of this hypothesis, a thorough ocular and general medical history investigating drug abuse and coagulation disorders is recommended for ophthalmologists in such cases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cocaine Abuse as an Immunological Trigger in a Case Diagnosed with Eales Disease

et al. 2023

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“…[48] Yeni yayınlanan bir olgu sunumunda ise diyabet, sistemik hipertansiyon ve hiperlipidemi gibi multipl sistemik risk faktörleri içeren ve 40 hastaya akut maküler nöroretinopati tanısı konduğu belirtilmiştir (Resim 5). [49] Görüldüğü üzere kokain, tek başına retinal vasküler patolojilere sebep olabileceği gibi beraberinde ek bir risk faktörünün de olması bu riski önemli ölçüde arttırmaktadır. Kokainin vasospazm yapıcı etkisini geri döndrümeye yönelik kesin bir tedavi metodu henüz gösterilememiş olsa da nitratların, kalsiyum kanal blokörlerinin, benzodiazapinlerin ve aspirin/antikoagülan ilçaların basamaklı kullanımı bu tür olgularda fayda sağlayabilir.…”

Section: Kokainunclassified

Medications Damaging Vascular Bed or Causing Microvasculopathy / Occlusion-2: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment (Gemcitabine, Fludarabine, Oral contraceptives, Heparin, Cocaine)

2023

Güncel Retina (Current Retina)

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Retinal toxicity can be observed during treatment with many systemic drugs and addictive substances used today. The drugs show their effects on the retina by different mechanisms such as direct toxicity to the retina and retina pigment epithelium, crystalline retinopathy, photoreceptor dysfunction, cystoid macular edema, central serous chorioretinopathy, uveitic effects, and vascular dysfunction. Vascular dysfunction, which is an important subgroup, occurs due to the direct effect of drugs on endothelium, increase in prothrombotic factors, and formation of immunocomplex and vasoconstrictive effects. The primary step in the treatment is to cease the causative agent and replace it with an alternative. In addition, medical or intravitreal injection treatments should be applied according to the retinal vascular pathology.

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“…Alterations in smooth muscle cells, pericytes, and astrocytes may lead to compromises in vessels’ dilatory capacity and thus deficits in neurovascular coupling [6], [7], [8], [9]. In various brain pathologies, including Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, and trauma, regional blood flow regulation gets impaired through vessel loss and/or dysfunction of the vessels’ dilatory capacity, resulting in regions of ischemia/hypoxia [10], [11]. Previous studies have examined either individual vessels or the tissue level responses, with little attention having been paid to the vascular network, though network dysfunction frequently is associated with accelerated disease progression and long-term symptomatology [3], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Deep Learning Pipeline for Mapping in situ Network-level Neurovascular Coupling in Multi-photon Fluorescence Microscopy

Rozak,

Mester,

Attarpour

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Functional hyperaemia is a well-established hallmark of healthy brain function, whereby local brain blood flow adjusts in response to a change in the activity of the surrounding neurons. Although functional hyperemia has been extensively studied at the level of both tissue and individual vessels, vascular network-level coordination remains largely unknown. To bridge this gap, we developed a deep learning-based computational pipeline that uses two-photon fluorescence microscopy images of cerebral microcirculation to enable automated reconstruction and quantification of the geometric changes across the microvascular network, comprising hundreds of interconnected blood vessels, pre and post-activation of the neighbouring neurons. The pipeline's utility was demonstrated in the Thy1-ChR2 optogenetic mouse model, where we observed network-wide vessel radius changes to depend on the photostimulation intensity, with both dilations and constrictions occurring across the cortical depth, at an average of 16.1±14.3 μm (mean±stddev) away from the most proximal neuron for dilations; and at 21.9±14.6 μm away for constrictions. We observed a significant heterogeneity of the vascular radius changes within vessels, with radius adjustment varying by an average of 24 ± 28% of the resting diameter, likely reflecting the heterogeneity of the distribution of contractile cells on the vessel walls. A graph theory-based network analysis revealed that the assortativity of adjacent blood vessel responses rose by 152 ± 65% at 4.3 mW/mm2 of blue photostimulationvs.the control, with a 4% median increase in the efficiency of the capillary networks during this level of blue photostimulation in relation to the baseline. Interrogating individual vessels is thus not sufficient to predict how the blood flow is modulated in the network. Our computational pipeline, to be made openly available, enables tracking of the microvascular network geometry over time, relating caliber adjustments to vessel wall-associated cells' state, and mapping network-level flow distribution impairments in experimental models of disease.

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Hypoperfusion of the deep capillary plexus associated with acute on chronic cocaine use

Cited by 7 publications

References 21 publications

Cocaine Abuse as an Immunological Trigger in a Case Diagnosed with Eales Disease

Cocaine Abuse as an Immunological Trigger in a Case Diagnosed with Eales Disease

Medications Damaging Vascular Bed or Causing Microvasculopathy / Occlusion-2: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment (Gemcitabine, Fludarabine, Oral contraceptives, Heparin, Cocaine)

A Deep Learning Pipeline for Mapping in situ Network-level Neurovascular Coupling in Multi-photon Fluorescence Microscopy

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