“…Bouros et al [3] suggested that alveolar hypocapnia can cause bronchoconstriction, while impaired mucociliary clearance and the diminished delivery of appropriate inflammatory cells may contribute to the high incidence of infections in patients with UAPA [3] . Hemoptysis is the presenting symptom in 20% of the patients [2,7] . This is due to development of excessive collateral circulation in bronchial, intercostal, subclavian, or subdiaphragmatic arteries [8] .…”