Hypokinetic stress and neuronal porosome complex in the rat brain: The electron microscopic study

Neuronal porosome – The secretory portal at the nerve terminal: Its structure–function, composition, and reconstitution

“…Our studies and studies from other laboratories (Craciun and Barbu-Toduran, 2013; Elshennay, 2011; Hammel and Meilijson, 2012; Japaridze et al, 2012; Matsuno et al, 2008; Okuneva et al, 2012; Paredes-Santos et al, 2012; Savigny et al, 2007; Siksou et al, 2007) established porosomes to be secretory portals that perform the specialized task of fractional discharge of intravesicular contents from cells during cell secretion. The significance of the porosome discovery is reflected by several publications involving its structure (Craciun and Barbu-Toduran, 2013; Elshennay, 2011; Hammel and Meilijson, 2012; Japaridze et al, 2012; Matsuno et al, 2008; Okuneva et al, 2012; Paredes-Santos et al, 2012; Savrgny et al, 2007; Siksou et al, 2007), and the associated transient fusion mechanism (Aravanis et al, 2003; Taraska et al, 2003; Thorn et al, 2004) accompanied by fractional discharge of intravesicular contents from cells. Studies in endocrine cells report secretory granules to be recaptured largely intact following stimulated exocytosis (Taraska et al, 2003); in neurons, single synaptic vesicles fuse transiently and successively without loss of vesicle identity (Aravanis et al, 2003); and in the exocrine pancreas, secretion is characterized by long fusion pore openings and preservation of secretory vesicle lipid identity (Thorn et al, 2004).…”

Atomic force microscopy: High resolution dynamic imaging of cellular and molecular structure in health and disease

“…Subsequently, the porosome has been demonstrated to be present in every cell type thus far examined, including endocrine cells and neurons (Fig. ) (Cho et al, ; Jena et al, ; Jeremic et al, ; Siksou et al, ; Zhao et al, ; Drescher et al, ; Elshennawy, ; Craciun and Barbu‐Tudoran, ; Japaridze et al, ; Lee et al, ; Okuneva et al, ). These studies have demonstrated that secretory vesicles “transiently” dock and fuse at the base of the porosome complex to release their contents to the outside milieu of the cell, a concept supported by other investigations of cell secretion and synaptic transmission (Aravanis et al, ; Taraska et al, ; Thorn et al, ).…”

“…These attractive features led us to explore the efficacy of employing the AFM in questions pertaining to basic cell biology and the pathobiology of disease. In this "From the Bench" essay, we will describe how fluid-based atomic force microscopy was used as a high-resolution imaging technique to uncover (i) existence of the "porosome," the universal secretory portal in cells (Schneider et al, 1997;Cho et al, 2002aCho et al, ,b, 2004Cho et al, , 2008Jena et al, 2003;Jeremic et al, 2003;Siksou et al, 2007;Zhao et al, 2010;Drescher et al, 2011;Elshennawy, 2011;Craciun and Barbu-Tudoran, 2012;Japaridze et al, 2012;Lee et al, 2012;Okuneva et al, 2012), and to establish a molecular understanding of membrane fusion requiring the assembly of proteins between opposing lipid membranes (Cho et al, 2002c(Cho et al, , 2005(Cho et al, , 2009Jeremic et al, 2004aJeremic et al, ,b, 2006Cho and Jena, 2007;Shin et al, 2010); and (ii) a molecular mechanism to explain the etiology of the antiphospholipid syndrome, a human thrombotic disorder (Rand, 2002;Rand et al, 2008bRand et al, , 2010b.…”

The neuronal porosome complex in health and disease

“…In addition to the earlier molecular studies on the involvement of porosome proteins in neurotransmission, recent morphological studies on the neuronal porosome complex have also shed light on both the health and disease states of the neuronal porosome complex as examined using high resolution EM. [88][89][90][91][92] Ultrastructure of the neuronal porosome complex in rats subjected to continuous white noise that is relevant to the increasing, random noise encountered by humans in present day environment, and also known to provoke diverse effects on different regions of the brain, [93][94][95][96][97][98] demonstrates alteration in the porosome length. 92 Constant exposure to such noise is further known to sabotage the development and normal function of the auditory and some other brain regions, and ultimately impair hearing, language acquisition, 93,94 memory performance, 95,96 and other cognitive functions.…”