“…The adverse association between hypokalemia and arrhythmia in animal and human studies appears to be more significant in the presence of acute myocardial ischemia [3,[6][7][8]. Hypokalemia can be induced by various conditions, including respiratory or metabolic alkalosis, salt-wasting renal disease, diuretic therapy, and hormone effects [9,10]. Previous studies have revealed that preoperative anxiety can lead to hypokalemia as a result of catecholamine release as a neuroendocrine stress response [11][12][13].…”