Hypokalemia and dysrhythmias

The effect of patient-controlled intravenous analgesia on postoperative hypokalemia in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy

“…The adverse association between hypokalemia and arrhythmia in animal and human studies appears to be more significant in the presence of acute myocardial ischemia [3,[6][7][8]. Hypokalemia can be induced by various conditions, including respiratory or metabolic alkalosis, salt-wasting renal disease, diuretic therapy, and hormone effects [9,10]. Previous studies have revealed that preoperative anxiety can lead to hypokalemia as a result of catecholamine release as a neuroendocrine stress response [11][12][13].…”