Hypnosis in sport and exercise psychology.

Abstract

Hypnosis in Sport and Exercise Psychologyt is remarkable that hypnosis has not been used more frequently by I workers in the field of sport and exercise psychology because the difference between success and failure is often minuscule. Indeed, the difference between a gold medal in Olympic competition and failure to even qualify for the final event is sometimes less than a hundredth of a second. Hence, any ergogenic procedure that might enhance performance by even a small margin (e.g., O.OOl%), providing it is legal, would have potential value.At this point in time, the use of hypnosis has not been banned by the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) or the International Olympic Committee (IOC), nor are there any regulations against the use of hypnosis by other sport governing bodies, such as the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) or professional organizations, such as the American Psychological Association (AF'A) or the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). There are, however, many instances in which the use of hypnosis in the practice of sport psychology or sports medicine would be questionable from both an ethical and a moral standpoint, and although not in direct violation of existing rules and codes, such actions would potentially violate the "spirit of the law." It is inappropriate, for example, to use drugs such as morphine or no-Adapted from The Handbook of Clinical Hypnosis (pp. 649-670).

Enhancing sports performance with hypnosis: An ode for Tiger Woods.

“…Finally, our third goal is to appraise these studies using the criteria for empirically supported therapies advanced by Chambless and Hollon (1998). Over the last 15 years, there have been a number of selective reviews of the use of hypnosis in sport and exercise (Barker, Jones, & Greenlees, 2013; Morgan, 1996; Stegner & Morgan, 2010). However, ours is the first article to comprehensively review all controlled and single-case design outcome studies, to critique the methodology of this literature, and to identify investigations satisfying the criteria for empirically supported therapies (Chambless & Hollon, 1998).…”

A Review of the Development of Sport Hypnosis as a Performance Enhancement Method for Athletes

“…Morgan also cites the empirical studies of Warren Johnson [20] at the University of Maryland on the effect of hypnosis on improving the performance of a professional baseball players who was in a slump. In his appraisal of research, Morgan [19] indicates that most of the investigation have been conducted in laboratory setting and are therefore lacking in ecological validity. An important finding during the early years of sport hypnosis was that perception of effort could be systematically decreased or increased systematically by hypnosis during exercise [20,21].…”

“…Among the leading textbooks in sport psychology, only Van Raalte and Brewer [12] include an article on sport hypnosis. Weinberg and Gould [13], in their classic textbook, devote two pages to sport hypnosis.…”

“…Morgan [19] was one of the first sport psychologists to address hypnosis from empirical and clinical perspectives and reviewed such important topics as research and appraisal, qualifications of practitioners, theories, case studies and clinical applications. Morgan also cites the empirical studies of Warren Johnson [20] at the University of Maryland on the effect of hypnosis on improving the performance of a professional baseball players who was in a slump.…”

El comportamiento hipnótico como un episodio Sustitutivo Referencial

“…En la actualidad, es posible observar que el uso de la hipnosis se ha vinculado con la ejecución de respuestas efectivas, como una condición que facilita la precisión y un desempeño óptimo de acuerdo a tareas específicas (e.g. Morgan, 2002;Morgan & Stegner, 2008;Pates, Maynar & Westbury, 2001;Pates, Oliver & Maynard, 2001) El estudio del comportamiento hipnótico ha implicado diversas formas de abordajes a lo largo de más de doscientos años, cuestión que ha dado pie a múltiples confusiones teóricas, debido a las polarizaciones que se dan por las explicaciones basadas en uno u otro aspecto que interviene en el fenómeno (Dixon & Laurence, 1992). Esto ha orientado el estudio del comportamiento hipnótico hacia los aspectos biológicos (Crawford & Gruzelier, 1992;Pavlov, 1929;Platonov, 1959;Wundt, 1892), lo social (Sarbin & Coe, 1972;Spanos & Coe, 1992), los procesos o mecanismos cognoscitivos (Hilgard, 1973(Hilgard, , 1992Kirsch & Lynn, 1998), la observación conductal, utilizando una lógica lineal causa-efecto (Barber, 1969;Skinner, 1957) o a las explicaciones eclécticas, donde se tornan irrelevantes las distinciones entre los tipos de funciones que poseen los diversos elementos (e.g.…”