Hypnosis and cognitive neuroscience: Bridging the gap

Halligan, Peter W.; Oakley, David A.

doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2012.12.002

Cited by 35 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Thus, one possible explanation for the positive relationship between learning and caudate-PFC connectivity we detected is that the nature of the caudate-PFC interactions during IPSL differs by anatomical region. Consistent with this interpretation, the prefrontal cluster we identified (i.e., in the middle/superior frontal gyrus) is located anterior to the dorsolateral prefrontal regions that are the most often implicated in theories of competition (Galea et al, 2009; Halligan & Oakley, 2012; Nemeth et al, 2012). Rather than supporting regulatory functions per se, this particular region of the PFC is thought to be involved in integrating complex information over time (Prabhakaran, Narayanan, Zhao, & Gabrieli, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Task-related functional connectivity of the caudate mediates the association between trait mindfulness and implicit learning in older adults

Stillman

You

Seaman

et al. 2016

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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Accumulating evidence shows a positive relationship between mindfulness and explicit cognitive functioning, i.e., that which occurs with conscious intent and awareness. However, recent evidence suggests that there may be a negative relationship between mindfulness and implicit types of learning, or those that occur without conscious awareness or intent. Here we examined the neural mechanisms underlying the recently reported negative relationship between dispositional mindfulness and implicit probabilistic sequence learning in both younger and older adults. We tested the hypothesis that the relationship is mediated by communication, or functional connectivity, of brain regions once traditionally considered to be central to dissociable learning systems: the caudate, medial temporal lobe (MTL), and prefrontal cortex (PFC). We first replicated the negative relationship between mindfulness and implicit learning in a sample of healthy older adults (60–90 years old) who completed three event-related runs of an implicit sequence learning task. Then, using a seed-based connectivity approach, we identified task-related connectivity associated with individual differences in both learning and mindfulness. The main finding was that caudate-MTL connectivity (bilaterally) was positively correlated with learning and negatively correlated with mindfulness. Further, the strength of task-related connectivity between these regions mediated the negative relationship between mindfulness and learning. This pattern of results was limited to the older adults. Thus, at least in healthy older adults, the functional communication between two interactive learning-relevant systems can account for the relationship between mindfulness and implicit probabilistic sequence learning.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Task-related functional connectivity of the caudate mediates the association between trait mindfulness and implicit learning in older adults

Stillman

You

Seaman

et al. 2016

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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“…Similar increases in right IFG activity were found during left hypnotic paralysis using EEG recording [16] in another group of volunteers performing the same Go/NoGo paradigm in normal and hypnotic states. These findings accord with the view that hypnotic suggestions act through modulation of attentional systems that may allow selective filtering of sensory, motor, or even conceptual representations from conscious awareness [18,38,64,73].…”

Section: Dissociation and Hypnosissupporting

confidence: 79%

Brain circuits implicated in psychogenic paralysis in conversion disorders and hypnosis

Vuilleumier¹

2014

Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology

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Please cite this article in press as: Vuilleumier P. Brain circuits implicated in psychogenic paralysis in conversion disorders and hypnosis. REVIEW/MISE AU POINT Brain circuits implicated in psychogenic paralysis in conversion disorders and hypnosis Circuits cérébraux des paralysies psychogènes liées aux troubles de conversion et à l'hypnose P. Vuilleumier Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition (LABNIC), Department of Neuroscience (NEUFO), University Medical Center (CMU), 1, rue Micheli du Crest, 1205 Geneva, SwitzerlandReceived 27 December 2013; accepted 12 January 2014 KEYWORDSConversion; Hysteria; Hypnosis; Paralysis; Brain; Neuroimaging; Affect; Self; Precuneus; VMPFC Summary Conversion disorders are defined as neurological symptoms arising without organic damage to the nervous system, presumably in relation to various emotional stress factors, but the exact neural substrates of these symptoms and the mechanisms responsible for their production remain poorly understood. In the past 15 years, novel insights have been gained with the advent of functional neuroimaging studies in patients suffering from conversion disorders in both motor and non-motor (e.g. somatosensory, visual) domains. Several studies have also compared brain activation patterns in conversion to those observed during hypnosis, where similar functional losses can be evoked by suggestion. The current review summarizes these recent results and the main neurobiological hypotheses proposed to account for conversion symptoms, in particular motor deficits. An emerging model points to an important role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), precuneus, and perhaps other limbic structures (including amygdala), all frequently found to be hyperactivated in conversion disorders in parallel to impaired recruitment of primary motor and/or sensory pathways at the cortical or subcortical (basal ganglia) level. These findings are only partly shared with hypnosis, where increases in precuneus predominate, together with activation of attentional control systems, but without any activation of VMPFC. Both VMPFC and precuneus are key regions for access to internal representations about the self, integrating information from memory and imagery with affective relevance (in VMPFC) and sensory or agency representations (in precuneus). It is therefore postulated that conversion deficits might result from an alteration of conscious sensorimotor functions and self-awareness under the influence of affective and sensory representations generated in these regions, which might promote certain patterns of behaviors in response to self-relevant emotional states. © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. IntroductionConversion disorders have been known to physicians since ancient times and consist of neurological dysfunction that occurs in the absence of organic lesions within the nervous system, but is distinct from other major psychiatric symptoms such as psychosis or depression. Thus, patients may present with a paralysis of one or ...

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“…Individual differences in suggestibility did not influence the effects notably, contrary to what is commonly found in the hypnosis literature (Kosslyn et al, 2000;Raz et al, 2002;Derbyshire et al, 2004;Vanhaudenhuyse et al, 2009;Lifshitz et al, 2012;Halligan and Oakley, 2013;Oakley and Halligan, 2013) but with at least an exception in clinical research on surgical patients (Montgomery et al, 2002). Suggestion for health improvements may work through different mechanisms than suggestibility as measured by classical tests.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Lindeløv et al. (2017) Improving working memory performance in brain-injured patients using hypnotic suggestion: a randomized controlled trial

Lindeløv¹,

Overgaard²,

Overgaard³

2017

Preprint

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Working memory impairment is prevalent in brain injured patients across lesion aetiologies and severities. Unfortunately, rehabilitation efforts for this impairment have hitherto yielded small- or no effects. Here we show in a randomized actively controlled trial that working memory performance can be effectively restored by suggesting to hypnotized patients that they have regained their pre-injury level of working memory functioning. Following four 1-hour sessions, 27 patients had a medium-sized improvement relative to 22 active controls (Bayes Factors of 342 and 37.5 on the two aggregate outcome measures) and a very large improvement relative to 19 passive controls (Bayes Factor = 1.7 × 1013). This was a long-term effect as revealed by no deterioration following a 6.7 week no-contact period (Bayes Factors = 7.1 and 1.3 in favor of no change). To control for participant-specific effects, the active control group was crossed over to the working memory suggestion and showed superior improvement. By the end of the study, both groups reached a performance level at- or above- the healthy population mean with standardized mean differences between 1.55 and 2.03 relative to the passive control group. We conclude that, if framed correctly, hypnotic suggestion can effectively improve working memory following acquired brain injury. The speed and consistency with which this improvement occurred, indicate that there may be a residual capacity for normal information processing in the injured brain.

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Hypnosis and cognitive neuroscience: Bridging the gap

Cited by 35 publications

References 51 publications

Task-related functional connectivity of the caudate mediates the association between trait mindfulness and implicit learning in older adults

Task-related functional connectivity of the caudate mediates the association between trait mindfulness and implicit learning in older adults

Brain circuits implicated in psychogenic paralysis in conversion disorders and hypnosis

Lindeløv et al. (2017) Improving working memory performance in brain-injured patients using hypnotic suggestion: a randomized controlled trial

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