Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis with Persistent Intrathecal Inflammation Secondary to Neurosarcoidosis Treated with Intraventricular Chemotherapy: A Case Report

Abstract

Hypertrophic pachymeningitis (HP) is a rare immune-mediated disease characterized by thickening of the dura mater with consecutive cranial neuropathy. While HP is usually treated with systemic immunotherapies, response to therapy is variable and may be limited by insufficient drug concentrations in the brain. We report on a 57-year-old patient with HP manifesting with vision and hearing loss who had sustained clinical progression despite various systemic immunotherapies. Intraventricular chemotherapy with methotrexate, cytarabine, and dexamethasone was initiated. We present clinical, imaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings, including cytokine levels before and after intraventricular treatment: rapid decrease of cell count, lactate and profibrotic cytokine levels in the CSF following intraventricular chemotherapy was paralleled by a mild reduction of dura thickness in MRI. The already severely impaired visual acuity and hearing loss did not progress further. Treatment was complicated by exacerbation of previously subtle psychiatric symptoms. Follow-up was terminated after 6 months as the patient suffered from a fatal ischemic stroke. Autopsy revealed neurosarcoidosis as the underlying cause of HP. This case report suggests that intrathecal chemotherapy can reduce the inflammatory milieu in the CNS and should be considered for treatment-refractory HP before irreversible damage of cranial nerves has occurred.