Hyperthermia Induced Cell Death in Human Melanoma Cells

Abstract

Objectives: We conducted a prospective analysis of the relation between breast size measured by self-reported bra cup size and breast cancer risk among a cohort of premenopausal women. Design: Prospective cohort study Setting: The Nurses' Health Study II is an ongoing, prospective cohort of 116,671 American female registered nurses. The study was initiated in 1989 and enrolled women between 25 -42 years of age living within 14 states in the U.S. Participants: Bra cup size and breast cancer risk was assessed among 88,787 premenopausal women aged 29 to 47 in 1993. Bra cup size at age 20 was assessed by self-report in 1993. Women were excluded if at baseline they were postmenopausal, reported previous cancer, or did not report bra cup size. Censoring occurred if a women experienced breast cancer, reached menopause or died. Main Outcome Measures: New cases of invasive breast cancer were self-reported and confirmed by review of pathology reports. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with a Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for potential risk factors for breast cancer. All statistical tests were twosided. Results: During 621,097 total years of follow-up, 893 women developed incident invasive breast cancer. For women with a body mass index (BMI) below 25, those with a bra cup size of "B" (covariate adjusted HR=1.22, 95% CI 1.00-1.49) and "D or larger" (covariate adjusted HR=1.77, 95% CI 1.13-2.77) had an increased risk of breast cancer relative to "A or smaller" (Ptrend = 0.01). There was no important association among women with a BMI of 25 or higher. Stratifying by BMI at age 18 using a cut point of 21 gave similar results. Conclusion: Larger bra cup size at a younger age is associated with an increased risk of premenopausal breast cancer, though this association is limited to leaner women.