Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in 115 rural and urban communities involving 47 000 people from China

Wei, Li; Gu, Hongqiu; Teo, Koon; Jiang, Bo; Wang, Yang; Yang, Jingzhou; Wang, Xingyu; Zhang, Hongye; Sun, Yi; Xuan, Jianhua; He, Xiaodong; Xiuwen, Zhao; Xia, Cheng; Li, Jian; Rangarajan, Sumathy; Chen, Chun‐Ming; Yusuf, Salim; Liu, Lisheng

doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000000745

Cited by 154 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…These are in keeping with findings from studies of other ethnic groups, which compared measures between rural and urban areas591821. Over half the nomads in the sample had hypertension, which may be explained by the long-term physical labour in animal husbandry and their dietary habits (more than 90% of nomads drink milk tea, and vegetables and fruits are not a staple).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…The results of this study are similar to a cross-sectional survey conducted in Fukang pastoral area, Xinjiang, in 200817. However, compared with the PURE study (participants aged 35–70 years) conducted in China5, individuals’ awareness was higher (61.0% vs 41.6%) and the proportions on treatment or with controlled blood pressure were lower (28.8% vs 34.4% and 2.9% vs 8.2%, respectively), suggesting that healthcare in remote areas is still sub-optimal. Higher salt intake was strongly associated with higher blood pressures and prevalence of hypertension, and negatively associated with awareness, treatment, and control.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…In China, there has been a dramatic increase in the prevalence of hypertension over the past four decades. In a representative survey conducted from 2005 to 2009 in 115 Chinese rural and urban communities involving 45108 individuals aged 35–70 years, the estimated prevalence of hypertension was up to 41.9%5. The 2010 Chinese guidelines for the management of hypertension6 point out that more than half the deaths from cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases in China are related to hypertension.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension among Kazakhs with high Salt Intake in Xinjiang, China: A Community-based Cross-sectional Study

Wang

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Hypertension is a leading cause of death worldwide; data on hypertension among ethnic minorities in China are sparse. This study aimed to estimate hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in a Kazakh population, and to assess the association between salt intake and the above measures. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among Kazakh adults (≥30 years old) in the town of Hongdun, Altay, Xinjiang. Survey procedures included a questionnaire, physical measurement, and laboratory tests. Of 1805 eligible individuals, 1668 (92.4%) were included in the analysis. After adjustment for gender, age, and occupation, prevalence of hypertension was 45.5%. The proportions with awareness, treatment, control, or medication-control were 61.0%, 28.8%, 2.9% and 10.1%, respectively. Higher prevalence was seen among nomads and farmers (50.7% and 44.6%, respectively). However, the proportions with treatment or control were lower than seen among urban citizens. Hypertension prevalence was higher in those with higher salt intake (p = 0.0008). In contrast, the proportions with awareness (p = 0.0389), treatment (p = 0.0010), control (p = 0.0503), and medication-control (p = 0.2012) reduced as salt intake increased. In conclusion, hypertension prevalence is high in this population, but the proportions with awareness, treatment, or control are sub-optimal. Public health interventions that improve hypertension prevention and control, particularly among nomads, is needed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension among Kazakhs with high Salt Intake in Xinjiang, China: A Community-based Cross-sectional Study

Wang

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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“…China also participated in the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study,53 which enrolled individuals aged 35–70 years from 17 countries to examine primary risk factors for obesity, hypertension, dysglycemia dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases. In China, 115 (45 urban and 70 rural) communities from 12 provinces participated, and 46,285 persons were recruited from 2005 to 2009 54. Participants were followed for incident cardiovascular disease and death for 10 years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chinese health care system and clinical epidemiology

Sun¹,

Gregersen²,

Yuan³

2017

CLEP

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China has gone through a comprehensive health care insurance reform since 2003 and achieved universal health insurance coverage in 2011. The new health care insurance system provides China with a huge opportunity for the development of health care and medical research when its rich medical resources are fully unfolded. In this study, we review the Chinese health care system and its implication for medical research, especially within clinical epidemiology. First, we briefly review the population register system, the distribution of the urban and rural population in China, and the development of the Chinese health care system after 1949. In the following sections, we describe the current Chinese health care delivery system and the current health insurance system. We then focus on the construction of the Chinese health information system as well as several existing registers and research projects on health data. Finally, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of the health care system in regard to clinical epidemiology research. China now has three main insurance schemes. The Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI) covers urban employees and retired employees. The Urban Residence Basic Medical Insurance (URBMI) covers urban residents, including children, students, elderly people without previous employment, and unemployed people. The New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (NRCMS) covers rural residents. The Chinese Government has made efforts to build up health information data, including electronic medical records. The establishment of universal health care insurance with linkage to medical records will provide potentially huge research opportunities in the future. However, constructing a complete register system at a nationwide level is challenging. In the future, China will demand increased capacity of researchers and data managers, in particular within clinical epidemiology, to explore the rich resources.

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“…In China, the prevalence of hypertension is increasing and showing a trend of becoming an accelerating epidemic [3,4]. Previous studies have reported that the prevalence of hypertension was higher in urban than in rural communities [5,6,7], but some recent studies showed that the prevalence of hypertension in rural areas exceeded that in the urban districts in China [4]. Northern China is a high hypertension incidence area, and the northern rural areas also face a grim hypertension status.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Current Situation of Hypertension among Rural Minimal Assurance Family Participants in Liaoning (China): A Cross-Sectional Study

Chen

et al. 2016

IJERPH

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In China, the prevalence of hypertension is increasing and is showing an epidemic accelerating trend. However, there is a lack of studies reporting the hypertension status of rural residents with minimum living allowances. We performed a cross-sectional study including 11,435 (5285 men and 6150 women) from the general population aged ≥35 years in the Liaoning Province of China from 2012 to 2013, of which 1258 (11.0%) participants came from minimal assurance families. Anthropometric measurements, laboratory examinations and self-reported lifestyle factor information were collected by trained personnel. Multivariate logistic regression was used to detect the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and the risk of hypertension. We found that the prevalence of hypertension was as high as 61.9% in participants from minimal assurance families and the odd ratio for hypertension was 1.32 (95% CI: 1.15–1.52). The awareness, treatment, and control rates among treated hypertensive participants did not increase with higher level of income and education. In the total sample, the lower income levels increased the risk for hypertension, but education didn’t show a significant association with hypertension. Thus, there is a severe hypertension situation in the Liaoning rural population of minimal assurance families, which need more attention and prevention and control measures for hypertension.

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Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in 115 rural and urban communities involving 47 000 people from China

Cited by 154 publications

References 23 publications

Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension among Kazakhs with high Salt Intake in Xinjiang, China: A Community-based Cross-sectional Study

Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension among Kazakhs with high Salt Intake in Xinjiang, China: A Community-based Cross-sectional Study

Chinese health care system and clinical epidemiology

The Current Situation of Hypertension among Rural Minimal Assurance Family Participants in Liaoning (China): A Cross-Sectional Study

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