Hypertension in children: Could the prevalence be on the increase?

Amadi, Ogechukwu F; Okeke, Ifenyinwa B; Ndu, Ikenna K; Ekwochi, Uchenna; Nduagubam, Obinna Chukwuebuka; Ezenwosu, Osita U; Asinobi, Isaac Nwabueze

doi:10.4103/nmj.nmj_51_19

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Another study conducted in Canada showed a very high prevalence of HTN (24.8%) in children aged 3-8 years [17]. On the contrary, some studies have shown an increase in the prevalence of HTN with age [19][20][21]. Such results may have been reported as these studies had a lower prevalence of obesity in children as compared to ours.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypertension Among Children Attending Out Patient Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Karachi

Bilal¹,

Haseeb²,

Saeed³

et al. 2020

Cureus

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Introduction: The childhood obesity epidemic has caused the global prevalence of hypertension (HTN) in children to increase from 2% to 4%. However, there is limited data regarding this issue in Pakistan. Hence this cross-sectional study aims to document the prevalence of HTN and its risk factors among children visiting the out patient department (OPD) of a government hospital in Karachi, which is one of the largest cities in Pakistan. Methods: One thousand children aged between 4 and 12 years who visited the OPD in October 2019 were included. Blood pressures (BPs) for each child were measured manually and recorded. Their guardians were then interviewed to assess the risk factors present in each child. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Results: Among all the children, those between 4 and 7 years of age had a higher prevalence of HTN (19.2%; 9.2% stage 1 and 10.0% stage 2) than children aged between 8 and 12 years (14.5%; 8.0% stage 1 and 6.5% stage 2). Obese children between the age of 4 and 7 years (OR = 3.11) were more likely to develop HTN. Moreover, children with a positive family history of HTN were 1.43 times more likely to have HTN and 1.32 times more likely to have pre-HTN. There was no significant association of gender, artificial feeding, low birth weight, and maternal smoking with HTN. Conclusion: The prevalence is particularly higher in children aged between 4 and 7 years (19.2%) and there is a strong association between high BMI (body mass index), family history of HTN, and high-fat diet intake with HTN in children. There was no significant variation of prevalence between both genders.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypertension Among Children Attending Out Patient Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Karachi

Bilal¹,

Haseeb²,

Saeed³

et al. 2020

Cureus

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“…Of the 53 studies, 37 reported obesity and/or overweight prevalence in their respective samples [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] , [49] , [50] , [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] , [64] , [65] , [66] , [67] , [68] , [69] , [70] , with the prevalence of obesity ranging from 0·3% to 50% These studies consistently found a higher prevalence of elevated BP and/or hypertension in participants with obesity, overweight, or central obesity. A case-control study where authors compared prevalence of hypertension in children with and with out obesity found that only the children in the obesity group had hypertension (25%), and this group had significantly more cases of elevated BP than the non-obesity group (19·4% vs 6·5%) (Chedjou-Nono et al [68] ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paediatric Hypertension in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2022

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Background The burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and hypertension is rapidly increasing in low- and middle-income countries. This is evident not only in adults, but also in children. Recent estimates of prevalence in children are lacking, particularly in Africa. As such, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide updated estimates of paediatric hypertension in Africa. Methods We searched PubMed and EBSCO to identify articles published from January 2017 to November 2020. Studies were assessed for quality. We combined results for meta-analyses using a random effects model (Freeman-Tukey arcsine transformation). Heterogeneity was quantified using the I 2 statistic. Findings In the narrative synthesis of 53 studies, publication bias was low for 28, moderate for 24, and high for one study. Hypertension prevalence ranged substantially (0·2%-38·9%). Meta-analysis included 41 studies resulting in data on 52918 participants aged 3 to 19 years from ten countries. The pooled prevalence for hypertension (systolic/diastolic BP≥95th percentile) was 7·45% (95%CI 5·30-9·92, I 2 =98.96%), elevated blood pressure (BP, systolic/diastolic BP≥90th percentile and <95th percentile) 11·38% (95%CI 7·94-15·33, I 2 =98.97%) and combined hypertension/elevated BP 21·74% (95%CI 15·5-28·69, I 2 =99.48%). Participants categorized as overweight/with obesity had a higher prevalence of hypertension (18·5% [95%CI 10·2-28·5]) than those categorized as underweight/normal (1·0% [95%CI 0·1-2·6], 4·8% [95%CI 2·9-7·1], p<0·001). There were significant differences in hypertension prevalence when comparing BP measurement methods and classification guidelines. Interpretation Compared to a previous systematic review conducted in 2017, this study suggests a continued increase in prevalence of paediatric hypertension in Africa, and highlights the potential role of increasing overweight/obesity. Funding This research was funded in part by the Wellcome Trust [Grant number:214082/Z/18/Z]. LJW and SAN are supported by the DSI-NRF Centre of Human Development at the University of the Witwatersrand.

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“…The study conducted among 876 randomly selected pupils aged 9 to 14 years in 18 schools across the province documented an overall prevalence of paediatric hypertension 5.2% and 18.5% pre-hypertensive prevalence (Gomwe et al, 2022). Similarly, a prevalence of 8.5% and 24.9% prehypertension and hyper-tension was documented in Potchefstroom North West (Kemp et al, 2011) among grade one learners, lower than 8.6% and 12% prevalence of hypertension reported by Nganou-Gnindjio et al, in urban and low-middle income settings of Cameroon(Nganou-Gnindjio et al, 2021) and 9% among outpatient children and adolescents attending clinics of a tertiary hospital facility in Enugu Nigeria (Amadi et al, 2019). Elsewhere in Nigeria, a crosssectional study conducted among 400 primary school pupils con rmed that 3.5% of the participants were hypertensive and 12.5% had elevated HBP of 12.5% in Asaba(Ajaegbu et al) and 3.5% among learners aged 6 to 12 in Ilorin Nigeria (Ibrahim et al, 2019).…”

Section: Prevalence Of Paediatric Hypertensionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Protocol for scoping review to identify current paediatric hypertension surveillance techniques in the sub-Saharan African region

Alaofin,

Gafane-Matemane,

Mokwatsi

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Objective This scoping review aims to evaluate the surveillance approaches currently being used in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to identify paediatric hypertension. The review will further identify barriers and limitations in paediatric hypertension surveillance techniques.Introduction: Globally, hypertension is the major cause of preventable death due to its contribution to the cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Approximately 1.28 billion individuals worldwide are currently living with hypertension with higher prevalence in low-and middle-income countries. Despite clear evidence worldwide that high blood pressure (HBP) in children and adolescents largely contributes to the burden of CVD at adulthood, the burden of hypertension among children and adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is poorly documented due to lack of systematic approach.Inclusion criteria: This review will include peer-reviewed articles of any study design published in SSA region using the following criteria: articles reporting surveillance of paediatric hypertension among children and adolescent; articles reporting lack of appropriate guidelines and challenges impacting screening and diagnosis. Articles published in English as well as languages other than English where the translation is available will be included.Method and analysis: The scoping review will adopt the five stages of the Arskey and O’Malley methodological framework. Electric literature search will be conducted on the following data bases: MEDLINE, ERIC, PubMed, EBSCOhost, Health Source - Consumer Edition, the Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied, Health Literature (CINAHL), with Full Text, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, Google Scholar, Academic Search Complete and African Journals OnLine (AJOL). Grey literature search will be conducted on selected databases for relevant peer-reviewed articles. Articles selected will be screened separately by two of the co-authors, while the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for Scoping Reviews will be used to prepare and present the result of the scoping review.

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Hypertension in children: Could the prevalence be on the increase?

Cited by 9 publications

References 58 publications

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypertension Among Children Attending Out Patient Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Karachi

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypertension Among Children Attending Out Patient Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Karachi

Paediatric Hypertension in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Protocol for scoping review to identify current paediatric hypertension surveillance techniques in the sub-Saharan African region

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