Hypertension, end-stage renal disease and mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis in methamphetamine users

Jones, Erika; Rayner, Brian

doi:10.7196/samj.8731

Cited by 38 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Rodents metabolize MA more rapidly than do humans (Riviére et al, 2000; Cho et al, 2001), so amounts may not accumulate to as high a level. However, chronic kidney disease and hypertension are frequently found (>90%) among MA users (Jones and Rayner, 2015), and it will be important to assess blood and brain MA levels, MA clearance, and physical and physiological consequences of MA intake at the levels achieved in our animal model. Whether tolerance in neurochemical pathways that motivate MA intake plays a role in increasing MA consumption is not currently known.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mouse Model for Binge-Level Methamphetamine Use

et al. 2016

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Binge/crash cycles of methamphetamine (MA) use are frequently reported by individuals suffering from MA use disorders. A MA binge is self-reported as multiple daily doses that commonly accumulate to 800 mg/day (~10 mg/kg/day for a 170 pound human). A genetic animal model with a similar vulnerability to binge-level MA intake is missing. We used selectively bred MA high drinking (MAHDR) and low drinking (MALDR) mouse lines to determine whether several procedural variations would result in binge-level MA intake. Data were also collected in two progenitor populations of the MA drinking lines, the DBA/2J (D2) strain and the F2 cross of the D2 and C57BL/6J strains. The impact of 3 factors was examined: (1) concentration of MA in the two-bottle choice procedure used for selective breeding; (2) ratio of bottles containing MA vs. water, and (3) length of the withdrawal (or abstinence) period between MA drinking sessions. When MA concentration was progressively increased every 4 days in 20 mg/l amounts from 20 to 140 mg/l, maximum intake in MALDR mice was 1.1 mg/kg, whereas MAHDR mice consumed as much as 14.6 mg/kg. When these concentrations were tested in a multiple bottle choice procedure, the highest ratio of MA to water bottles (3:1) was associated with escalated MA intake of up to 29.1 mg/kg in MAHDR mice and 12.0 mg/kg in F2 mice; MALDR mice did not show a ratio-dependent escalation in MA intake. Finally, MAHDR and D2 mice were offered 3 bottles of MA vs. water at increasing concentrations from 20 to 80 mg/l, and tested under an intermittent 6-h withdrawal period, which was lengthened to 30 h (D2 mice) or to 30 or 78 h (MAHDR). D2 and MAHDR mice initially consumed similar amounts of 14–16 mg/kg MA, but D2 mice reduced their MA intake 3-fold after introduction of 30-h abstinence periods, whereas MAHDR mice retained their high level of intake regardless of withdrawal period. MAHDR mice provide a genetic model of binge-level MA intake appropriate for the study of associated MA-induced neurobiological changes and pharmaceutical treatments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mouse Model for Binge-Level Methamphetamine Use

et al. 2016

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“…METH use produces also serious complications in multiple organs, beyond the brain . In fact, hyperthermia, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia, seizures, cerebral hemorrhage, ischemic infarct, renal failure, liver damage, rhabdomyolysis, and wakefulness to the point of collapse and temporary blindness, coma, or death may ensue when METH overdose is in place …”

Section: Meth Clinical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

The neurobiological mechanisms of physical exercise in methamphetamine addiction

et al. 2017

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Methamphetamine (METH) is the primary drug within amphetamine-type stimulants which are the second most abused group of drugs worldwide. There is no pharmacological treatment addressed specifically to METH addiction, and behavioral therapy is shadowed by poor long-term recovery and relapse. Therefore, novel approaches to manage METH addiction are an urgent need. This review aims to describe the current state of physical exercise use on methamphetamine addiction management. The following searching terms in PubMed were used: ("physical exercise" OR "exercise") AND "methamphetamine." Relevant references from key publications and gray literature were also reviewed to identify additional citations for inclusion. Original investigation regarding physical exercise and methamphetamine addiction (clinical data) or neurobiological mechanisms of physical exercise in animal models of methamphetamine administration (preclinical data) was included. Overall, METH users demonstrated improvements, including better fitness and emotional measures, lower relapse rates, and sustained abstinence when compared to nonexercised individuals. The neurobiological mechanisms of physical exercise in METH users seem to reflect an interplay of several agents, including neurochemicals, oxidative stress, neurogenesis, gliogenesis, and blood-brain barrier as disclosed by preclinical data. Exercise-based interventions alone or as a conjoint therapy may be a useful tool for managing METH addiction.

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“…[17] Blood pressure should be recorded using an approved and calibrated electronic device or mercury sphygmomanometer. Raised blood pressure should be confirmed with multiple readings, and consideration should be given to performing outofoffice blood pressure measurement (such as home blood pressure or 24hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring) to exclude 'white coat' hypertension.…”

Section: Clinical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

An approach to the young hypertensive patient

et al. 2015

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Hypertension is the leading cause of death worldwide. Globally and locally there has been an increase in hypertension in children, adolescents and young adults <40 years of age. In South Africa, the first decade of the millennium saw a doubling of the prevalence rate among adolescents and young adults aged 15 24 years. This increase suggests that an explosion of cerebrovascular disease, cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease can be expected in the forthcoming decades. A large part of the increased prevalence can be attributed to lifestyle factors such as diet and physical inactivity, which lead to overweight and obesity. The majority (>90%) of young patients will have essential or primary hypertension, while only a minority (<10%) will have secondary hypertension. We do not recommend an extensive workup for all newly diagnosed young hypertensives, as has been the practice in the past. We propose a rational approach that comprises a history to identify risk factors, an examination that establishes the presence of targetorgan damage and identifies clues suggesting secondary hypertension, and a limited set of basic investigations. More specialised tests should be performed only where there is a clinical suspicion that a secondary cause for hypertension exists. There have been no randomised clinical trials on the treatment of hypertension in young patients. Expert opinion advises an initial emphasis on lifestyle modification. This can comprise a diet with reduced salt and refined carbohydrate intake, an exercise programme and management of substance abuse issues. Failure of lifestyle measures or the presence of targetorgan damage should prompt the clinician to initiate pharmacotherapy. We recommend referral to a specialist practitioner in cases of resistant hypertension, where there is severe targetorgan damage and when a secondary cause is suspected.

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Hypertension, end-stage renal disease and mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis in methamphetamine users

Cited by 38 publications

References 24 publications

A Mouse Model for Binge-Level Methamphetamine Use

A Mouse Model for Binge-Level Methamphetamine Use

The neurobiological mechanisms of physical exercise in methamphetamine addiction

An approach to the young hypertensive patient

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