Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cerebrovascular disease predispose to a more severe outcome of COVID-19

Abstract

Introduction The world is currently facing the pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The total number of cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is rising daily and no vaccine has yet been approved. While the pathophysiology behind the virus is still being studied, many possible several risk factors using small sample sizes have been found. Material and methods We conducted a pooled analysis using several databases such as Medline, Scopus, Wangfang, Web of Science, Research Square, medrxiv, and Google Scholar to identify studies reporting severe and non-severe groups of COVID-19 patients. The odds ratios as well as the 95% confidence intervals for hypertension, diabetes, and cerebrovascular disease leading to severe COVID-19 were calculated using R-software. Results Fifty-three articles were used for our analysis and they involved 30,935 confirmed cases of COVID-19 from several countries across the world. The odds ratio for severe COVID-19 in hypertensive patients, diabetics, and patients with a history of cerebrovascular disease was 2.58 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.16–3.08, from 53 studies), 2.17 (95% CI: 1.72–2.74, from 44 studies), and 2.63 (95% CI: 1.80–3.85, from 25 studies), respectively. Conclusions Our analysis confirms that patients with hypertension, diabetes, or cerebrovascular disease are at a higher risk of a severe outcome of COVID-19. It is thus vital for physicians to identify the main risk factors for a severe outcome of this disease.

Joint Effect of Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension on COVID-19 in-Hospital Mortality Stratified by Age Group and Other Comorbidities: A Cohort Retrospective Study Using Hospital-Based Data in Sleman, Yogyakarta

“…This study reported similar results with previous studies, that COVID-19 patients with diabetes mellitus had higher risk of in-hospital mortality than those without diabetes mellitus [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. This result could be explained by chronic inflammatory conditions occurring among COVID-19 patients with DM.…”

Characteristics and outcomes of 7620 Multiple Sclerosis patients admitted with COVID-19 in the United States

“…( 16) Furthermore, we also linked chronic pulmonary disease, obesity, diabetes, alcohol abuse, hypertension, dialysis use, chronic kidney disease, and presence of an old MI to poorer outcomes among MS patients, as already reported in the general population. (17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25) Finally, our study reported racial disparities as Blacks with MS admitted for COVID-19 had lower odds of death than Whites, while Hispanics showed increased risk. This contradicts past results from Salter et al based on the North American Registry, whereby the mortality rate among Whites with MS and COVID-positive was estimated at 3.5%, while it was 4.2% among Blacks, and 1.1% among Hispanics.…”

A survey on the safety of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine among a population with stroke risk in China

“…However, there was no difference in the incidence of adverse reactions among the different grades of risk after the first or second doses. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cerebrovascular disease have been reported to predispose patients to a more severe outcome of COVID-19 ( 26 ). However, the adverse reactions of the COVID-19 vaccine (mainly inactivated vaccine) did not increase with an increase in stroke risk factors.…”