Hypertension Assessment Using Photoplethysmography: A Risk Stratification Approach

Abstract

Hypertension is a common chronic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Early screening and diagnosis of hypertension plays a major role in its prevention and in the control of CVDs. Our study discusses the early screening of hypertension while using the morphological features of photoplethysmography (PPG). Numerous morphological features of PPG and its derivative waves were defined and extracted. Six types of feature selection methods were chosen to screen and evaluate these PPG morphological features. The optimal features were comprehensively analyzed in relation to the physiological processes of the cardiovascular circulatory system. Particularly, the intrinsic relation and physiological significance between the formation process of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and PPG morphology features were analyzed in depth. A variety of linear and nonlinear classification models were established for the comparison trials. The F1 scores for the normotension versus prehypertension, normotension and prehypertension versus hypertension, and normotension versus hypertension trials were 72.97%, 81.82%, and 92.31%, respectively. In summary, this study established a PPG characteristic analysis model and established the intrinsic relationship between SBP and PPG characteristics. Finally, the risk stratification of hypertension at different stages was examined and compared based on the optimal feature subset.

Multimodal Photoplethysmography-Based Approaches for Improved Detection of Hypertension

“…This has most commonly been measured using PPG as it has the ability to detect changes in blood pulsation through monitoring the variation in light absorption from a photodetector placed near a light-emitting diode [7]. Further details regarding the extraction of specific feature(s) from a single PPG signal and how these features can be incorporated into BP estimations are discussed and examined in our previous work [4,6,[8][9][10]. This review focuses on evaluating various PPG-based multimodal biosignal systems that have been investigated by researchers in an attempt to estimate BP and assess hypertension.…”

Digital Volume Pulse Measured at the Fingertip as an Indicator of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in the Aged and Diabetic

“…The peak-to-peak intervals (PPIs) acquired by the PPG sensor were reported to assess HRV [18][19][20][21][22][23]. Moreover, PPG-derived digital volume pulse (DVP) signals were further used for clinical applications (i.e., ubiquitous blood pressure monitoring, congestive heart failure, and hypertension assessment) [24][25][26]. However, the compatibility of PPI with RRI is controversial [18,23].…”

Synthetic Photoplethysmography (PPG) of the radial artery through parallelized Monte Carlo and its correlation to Body Mass Index (BMI)

“…These systems provide unique diagnostic opportunities, such as monitoring of nocturnal hypertension 10 a condition strongly associated with cardiovascular events and organ damage. The PPG waveform can provide information such as pulse wave velocity, the relative change in blood volume and pressure wave reflection 17 . The systolic peak and diastolic peak are the primary and secondary features respectively as seen in Figure 1.…”

“…The systolic peak and diastolic peak are the primary and secondary features respectively as seen in Figure 1. The primary feature is directly representative of systolic performance during the cardiac cycle 17,18 . The vessel dilates due to the pressure wave generated by ventricular contraction.…”