“…In addition, Sato, Cheng, Dong et al studied the application of terahertz waves in the detection of interface defects in composite insulators [9,10,11,12], and analyzed the characteristics of impurities and layered defects [13,14,15,16]. Relevant research shows that terahertz wave detection has the advantages of high information density, high accuracy, and fast feedback [17,18,19,20]. However, due to the large scale of detection data in practical applications, relying on manual verification has problems of low efficiency and high labor cost.…”