Hyperspectral cathodoluminescence study of indium-bearing sphalerite from the Mt Carlton high-sulphidation epithermal deposit, Queensland, Australia

Sahlström, Fredrik; Blake, Kevin; Corral, Isaac; Chang, Zhaoshan

doi:10.1127/ejm/2017/0029-2660

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…7). Similar cases have been reported by Ohta (1980Ohta ( , 1989 from Toyoha mine (Japan), Semenyak et al (1994) from the Pravourmiiskoe deposit (Russia) and Sahlström et al (2017a) from Mt. Carlton, Queensland (Australia).…”

Section: Indium-bearing Mineralsupporting

confidence: 77%

Indium-bearing paragenesis from the Nueva Esperanza and Restauradora veins, Capillitas mine, Argentina

Márquez-Zavalía¹,

Vymazalová²,

Galliski³

et al. 2020

J. Geosci.

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The Nueva Esperanza and Restauradora are two of the twenty-three veins described at Capillitas mine, an epithermal precious-and base-metal vein deposit located in northern Argentina. Capillitas is genetically linked to other mineralizations of the Farallón Negro Volcanic Complex, which hosts several deposits. These include two world-class (La Alumbrera and Agua Rica) and some smaller (e.g., Bajo El Durazno) porphyry deposits, and a few epithermal deposits (Farallón Negro, Alto de la Blenda, Cerro Atajo and Capillitas). The main hypogene minerals found at these two veins include pyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, tennantite-(Zn) and tennantite-(Fe). Accessory minerals comprise hübnerite, gold, silver, stannite, stannoidite and mawsonite, and also diverse indium-and tellurium-bearing minerals. Quartz is the main gangue mineral. Indium participates in the structure of sphalerite, tennantite-(Zn), ishiharaite and an indium-bearing mineral, still under study, the former being the most abundant of these phases. The chemical composition of sphalerite shows very low concentrations of Fe and a wide range in indium contents from below the detection limit (0.03 wt. %) to values close to 22 wt. %. Atomic proportions of In and Cu correlate positively at a ratio In : Cu = 1 : 1 atoms per formula unit. Cadmium reaches up to 0.68 wt. %. Other analyzed elements (Ge, As, Se, Ag, Sn, Te, Au, Pb and Bi) are systematically below their respective detection limits. Indium-bearing tennantite-(Zn) (up to 0.24 wt. % In) is rare and restricted to the area where ishiharaite appears. Ishiharaite and the unclassified indium-bearing mineral are extremely scarce and host up to 10 and 30 wt. % In, respectively. The zoning in sphalerite and the variable indium content of the different bands could be ascribed to significant fluctuation in the composition of the fluids (possibly pulses). They are evidenced by the presence of a high f Te 2 mineral, like calaverite, and a low f Te 2 phase, such as silver, within the same stage, with local periodic increments on In and Cu that could also be associated with recurring reactivation of fractures.

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Section: Indium-bearing Mineralsupporting

confidence: 77%

Indium-bearing paragenesis from the Nueva Esperanza and Restauradora veins, Capillitas mine, Argentina

Márquez-Zavalía¹,

Vymazalová²,

Galliski³

et al. 2020

J. Geosci.

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“…Substitution of In and Ga into sphalerite can occur via coupled substitution with monovalent cations, and with Cu + in particular [1, 15,16,42,[69][70][71][72][73]. A positive correlation was observed in the Cu + Ag vs.…”

Section: Sphaleritementioning

confidence: 87%

“…The assemblage also contains variable amounts of pyrite, luzonite, fahlores of tennantite-tetrahedrite-goldfieldite compositions, electrum, chalcopyrite, bornite, sphalerite, galena, argyrodite, pearceite-polybasite group minerals, an uncharacterized analogue to aguilarite and cervelleite [ideally Ag 4 TeSe], and barite ( Figure 3, Figure 4B-F and Figure 5C,D). Stage 2A mineralization is associated with silicic alteration (quartz ± alunite) of the wall rocks ( Figure 4C [42] recently documented the presence of a mineral with compositions close to CuZn 2 (In,Ga)S 4 , which occurs as fine (~1 µm thick) colloform bands inside the Stage 2B sphalerite ( Figure 5F, Table 1). This mineral corresponds to a Ga-rich variety of the uncharacterized Zn-In mineral [ideally CuZn 2 InS 4 ] first described from the Toyoha deposit in Japan [43], and later from the Mt Pleasant deposit in Canada [44].…”

Section: Hydrothermal Mineralization and Void Fillmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineralogical Distribution of Germanium, Gallium and Indium at the Mt Carlton High-Sulfidation Epithermal Deposit, NE Australia, and Comparison with Similar Deposits Worldwide

et al. 2017

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Germanium, gallium and indium are in high demand due to their growing usage in high-tech and green-tech applications. However, the mineralogy and the mechanisms of concentration of these critical elements in different types of hydrothermal ore deposits remain poorly constrained. We investigated the mineralogical distribution of Ge, Ga and In at the Mt Carlton high-sulfidation epithermal deposit in NE Australia, using electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Parageneses from which selected minerals were analyzed include: Stage 1 acid sulfate alteration (alunite), Stage 2A high-sulfidation enargite mineralization (enargite, argyrodite, sphalerite, pyrite, barite), Stage 2B intermediate-sulfidation sphalerite mineralization (sphalerite, pyrite, galena) and Stage 3 hydrothermal void fill (dickite). Moderate to locally high concentrations of Ga were measured in Stage 1 alunite (up to 339 ppm) and in Stage 3 dickite (up to 150 ppm). The Stage 2A ores show enrichment in Ge, which is primarily associated with argyrodite (up to 6.95 wt % Ge) and Ge-bearing enargite (up to 2189 ppm Ge). Co-existing sphalerite has comparatively low Ge content (up to 143 ppm), while Ga (up to 1181 ppm) and In (up to 571 ppm) are higher. Sphalerite in Stage 2B contains up to 611 ppm Ge, 2829 ppm Ga and 2169 ppm In, and locally exhibits fine colloform bands of an uncharacterized Zn-In mineral with compositions close to CuZn 2 (In,Ga)S 4 . Barite, pyrite and galena which occur in association with Stage 2 mineralization were found to play negligible roles as carriers of Ge, Ga and In at Mt Carlton. Analyzed reference samples of enargite from seven similar deposits worldwide have average Ge concentrations ranging from 12 to 717 ppm (maximum 2679 ppm). The deposits from which samples showed high enrichment in critical elements in this study are all hosted in stratigraphic sequences that locally contain carbonaceous sedimentary rocks. In addition to magmatic-hydrothermal processes, such rocks could potentially be important for the concentration of critical elements in high-sulfidation epithermal deposits.

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“…This line is not continuous. There exists complete miscibility between CuZn 2 InS 4 and sphalerite (e.g., [23,24]). In contrast, the miscibility of CuZn 2 InS 4 and roquesite is limited [24].…”

Section: Overview and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indium and Antimony Distribution in a Sphalerite from the “Burgstaetter Gangzug” of the Upper Harz Mountains Pb-Zn Mineralization

et al. 2020

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The sphalerite from the Burgstaetter Gangzug, a vein system of the Upper Harz Mountain nearby the town of Clausthal-Zellerfeld, exhibits a very interesting and partly complementary incorporation pattern of Cu, In and Sb, which has not yet been reported for natural sphalerite. A sphalerite specimen was characterized with electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) and atom probe tomography (APT). Based on the EPMA results and a multilinear regression, a relation expressed as Cu = 0.98In + 1.81Sb + 0.03 can be calculated to describe the correlation between the elements. This indicates, that the incorporation mechanisms of In and Sb in the structure differ substantially. Indium is incorporated with the ratio Cu:In = 1:1 like in roquesite (CuInS2), supporting the coupled substitution mechanism 2Zn2+ → Cu+ + In3+. In contrast, Sb is incorporated with a ratio of Cu:Sb = 1.81:1. APT, which has a much higher spatial resolution indicates a ratio of Cu: Sb = 2.28: 1 in the entire captured volume, which is similar to the ratio calculated by EPMA, yet with inhomogeneities at the nanometer-scale. Analysis of the solute distribution shows two distinct sizes of clusters that are rich in Cu, Sb and Ag.

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Hyperspectral cathodoluminescence study of indium-bearing sphalerite from the Mt Carlton high-sulphidation epithermal deposit, Queensland, Australia

Cited by 9 publications

References 31 publications

Indium-bearing paragenesis from the Nueva Esperanza and Restauradora veins, Capillitas mine, Argentina

Indium-bearing paragenesis from the Nueva Esperanza and Restauradora veins, Capillitas mine, Argentina

Mineralogical Distribution of Germanium, Gallium and Indium at the Mt Carlton High-Sulfidation Epithermal Deposit, NE Australia, and Comparison with Similar Deposits Worldwide

Indium and Antimony Distribution in a Sphalerite from the “Burgstaetter Gangzug” of the Upper Harz Mountains Pb-Zn Mineralization

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