“…The plasma flow, which consists of numerous free electrons, ions, and neutral particles, is nonmagnetic, lowtemperature, weakly ionized, and quasi-neutral (i.e., electricity neutral on macroscopic-length scales) [2,3]. It greatly affects the transmission of electromagnetic (EM) waves that it has a very strong interference on the communication between the reentry aircraft and the ground station; it even leads to blackout in certain conditions [4,5]. Moreover, the reflection, refraction, and absorption of EM waves caused by the plasma sheath or wake change the radar scattering characteristics of the hypersonic vehicle [6][7][8][9], which has a significant influence on the detection, tracking, and recognition of the target.…”